Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Land Law - Essay Example Land law cares for people’s clashing and contending enthusiasm to the land. There are conditions that individuals share title to the land. Now and then individuals have rights over land that is claimed by another. A freeholder may have the legitimate right to the land anyway he doesn't have the lawful right to forces or use or even access the land (FindLaw ____). Land law in England can here and there be perplexing as are the situation given this paper. As per Land Registry Practice Guide 8, a deed is significant with regards to managing land. There are just scarcely any exclusions to this, yet by and large a lawful enthusiasm over a land can't be built up or passed on without a deed (s.52 (1), LPA 1925). A deed must have the accompanying components so as to be acknowledged lawfully as Deed: It must be exceptionally clear all over that it is a deed that the individual or gatherings that are making it are to be sure making it to be a deed. This should be possible by calling, entitling, or depicting the record for what it's worth and to be executed as a deed. A mark must be appropriately fastened to an archive executed as deed (s.1 (4), LP (MP) A 1989). The name of the individual to whom the deed is being executed must show up on the report, and the mark should appropriately be joined to it. The equivalent ought to be valid with the individual or gatherings executing the deed with names showing up on the record demonstrating all the signatories of the said archive. Validation †a deed should show appropriate confirmation or seeing. A deed must be marked before an observer who authenticates the mark (s.1 (3), LP (MP) A 1989). The location of the observer must be given so as to the observer to be situated on the off chance that the need emerges. There are two sorts of a leasehold title: the outright and the great leasehold. To have the option to hold a leasehold title, the individual should initially possess the rent and second, it must be compensated or

10 Fiery Muhammad Ali Quotes

10 Fiery Muhammad Ali Quotes In 1964, when Cassius Clay took on the tireless Sonny Liston, no one understood that a star was conceived. Cassius Clay had quite recently stirred up the world with his battling soul. Not that he was horrendously bashful about his ability. His declaration to the press not long before his triumphant session with Sonny Liston that he was the best neglected to inspire an emotional response from manyâ skeptics. Indeed, his over-the-top haughtiness tinged with narcissism made the world careful about this new wannabe. The Megalomania of Muhammad Ali: The Worlds Greatest Sports Star Not long before the battle, Cassius Clay pointed a few insults at the prepared and commanding Liston, maybe to threaten his rival. He yelled at Liston saying, Somebody is going to kick the bucket at ringside today. That night would likely be the most life-changing occasion for some boxing devotees for two reasons. One, they saw a supreme heavyweight boxing champion go down. Two, a 22-year-old dark horse with a motormouth and a fixation for junk talking had recently impacted the world forever. Cassius Clay, who got known as Muhammad Ali after he changed his religion, overwhelmed the world. Each time Muhammad Ali won, he reminded the world that he was the best. He didnt state that he was the best, most grounded, best, or most extravagant. He proclaimed, I am the best! He articulated it withâ ã ©lan. He could stir up a free for all in the ring and declare his enormity to the world. At no other time had anybody seen a games figure so shameless, so in-your-face, thus severely legit. At the point when Muhammad Ali Went Against the US Government Most avid supporter appreciate Muhammad Ali as the best fighter that at any point lived. He took on numerous battles inside the ring and outside the ring. Those that he battled inside the ring were simple matches. He actually gave orders there. Be that as it may, the ones he battled outside the ring were the hardest battles he at any point had. The vast majority of them were against the foundation. The man who could glide like a butterfly and sting like a honey bee regularly jumped on an inappropriate side of the decision class. His nasty proclamations sent the press into a hissy fit. His clever rebounds and mockery pressed catches of numerous a government official. At the point when gotten some information about whether he would serve in the military for the Vietnam War, he arrogantly replied,â Man, I aint got no squabble with them Viet Cong. No Vietcong at any point called me n****r. He had an uncanny comical inclination, a fast temper, a major mouth, and a delicate heart. One of his evil remarks that regularly get features is: I am America. I am the part you wont perceive, yet become accustomed to me. Dark, certain, presumptuous. My name, not yours. My religion, not yours. My objectives, my own. Become accustomed to me.  Ali once stated, Allah is the best. Im simply the best fighter. What's more, to be sure, he was. As multiple times victor of the straight world heavyweight title, a title held by no other fighter, Muhammad Ali was a bad dream for his rivals. He was granted the Sportsman of the Century by the BBC and Sports Illustrated magazine in 1999. Muhammad Ali Never Minced His Words: 10 Quotes Prove His Indomitable Spirit Muhammad Ali was not only one of the best brandishing symbols that at any point lived, he was additionally an extraordinary speaker. A portion of his statements are legendary. These 10 uncover the stuff to have a triumphant disposition. Buoy like a butterfly, sting like a honey bee. His hands cannot hit what his eyes cannot see. Presently you see me, presently you dont. George figures he will, however I realize he wont. These words made probably the best statement in wearing history. Ali expressed these words justâ before his battle with George Foreman in 1974. These words launch Muhammad Ali to moment fame.â Its absence of confidence that makes individuals terrified of meeting difficulties, and I put stock in myself. You think I was stunned when Nixon surrendered? Hold up till I whup George Foremans behind. I experimented for this battle, I done tassled with a croc! It's hard to believe, but it's true. I have tassled with a crocodile! I done tussled with a whale! I done cuffed lightning, throwed roar in prison! Just a week ago I killed a stone, harmed a stone. Hospitalized a block. I’m so mean I make medication debilitated. Champions arent made in the rec centers. Champions are produced using something they have somewhere inside them: a longing, a fantasy, a dream. On the off chance that they can make penicillin out of mildew covered bread, they can sure make something out of you. In the event that you ever fantasy about beating me... you better wake up and apologize. Joes going to be smokin an I aint even jokin yet Ill be peckin and a pokin and Ill pour water on that smokin. Presently this may shock and stun ya yet I will crush Jo Frazier. There are two things that are difficult to hit and see, that is a creepy phantom and Muhammed Ali. Like The Beatles, there will be nothing similar to them. Like my man, Elvis Presley. I was the Elvis of boxing. Im not the best, Im the twofold most prominent. In addition to the fact that I knock em out, I pick the round. Im the boldest, the prettiest, the most predominant, generally logical, most skilfullest warrior in the ring today.

Forsake the Rest

Forsake the Rest We forsake innumerable issues every day. And thats usually okay because most of whats going on in the world doesnt require our attention: local politics in Saskatoon, escalator maintenance at a nearby shopping mall, bronze statues of great basketball players. Its not that we cant focus on these inane concernsâ€"its just that they arent top of mind. But of course we forsake many of our so-called priorities, too: health, relationships, creativity, contribution. Its not that we cant focus on these important mattersâ€"its just that they arent top of mind. Which brings some questions to mind: What am I focused on today? What should I be focused on? That is, what aligns with my values, beliefs, desires, interests, mission? Would life be better if I focused on those few things and forsook the rest? Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Alpha Gamma Chi Chapter At Frostburg State University

Introduction The group that was observed was Alpha Phi Omega (APO) Alpha Gamma Chi Chapter at Frostburg State University. This is an on campus organization/fraternity that gives its members an opportunity to gain, foster and enhances their leadership skills. They also seek to apply leadership, friendship, and service in their everyday lives. APO also encourages their members to be creative and think of new opportunities for their chapter. APO was started at Lafayette College by Frank Reed Horton, Herbert G. Horton, and H. Roes Bartle in 1925 (Horton). This organization was developed to strengthen men in their ideals and give them leadership and service experience. The ideals that this organization was built on were the ideals of scouting. The initial purpose of this organization was for it to be for college men who cooperated with all youth movements and to help bring a more peaceful world through nurturing men to have a standard of manhood, international understanding, and friendship. The Alpha Gamma Chi Chapter at Frostburg State was created March 1993 by Jason Birzer, Jeremy Gagliardi, Mary Grace Sylvester Gagliardi, Don Lipscomb, and Andrew Corl (History of our chapter). These individuals had all been interested in Boy Scouts and wanted to start an organization based on their ideals when they came across APO. In 1992, they started the petitioning process to get this fraternity on campus. They soon gained support and were inducted on April 1992. The official chartering

The Death Of Meriwether Lewis - 1039 Words

The Death of Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis was one of the travelers that were given the mission of traveling from the colonies to the Pacific Ocean, The Mission of Discovery. After Lewis got back from the expedition, he was assigned the role of Governor of The upper half of the Louisiana Purchase. When he was appointed to this position, he didn’t instantly go to do the job though. Actually he spent about half a year trying to publish the notes he wrote down during the Mission of Discovery. That didn t work out though because of financial funds. So Lewis came back to Washington D.C. and got ready to go to his part of the Louisiana territory. But on the way there he stopped at an inn called†¦show more content†¦In the position that Lewis supposedly shot himself at wound. Lets say he shot himself in the in the abdomen. This shot would also have been fatal because it would rupture something in his abdomen which would also would have been fatal. Therefor it doesn t matter if Lewis shot himself in the head first or the abdomen. They both would have been fatal. The amount of power that the horse pistols can generate shows that Lewis would not have been able to shoot himself twice. One shot would have immobilized him. If it was someone else shooting him that would make sense that there were two wounds, because someone else could have shot him. But Lewis shooting himself twice just isn t reasonable due to the amount of damage and the amount of power the guns would give. That is why Meriwether Lewis was the victim to a murder conspiracy. Also there is the information from Major James Neelly. Major Neelly was sending a letter to President Thomas Jefferson about the death of Meriwether Lewis. Major James Neelly was charged with treason and is a very sketchy person. There has been people who suspect Neelly to be part of the the murder conspiracy. Neelly was one of the companions that went with Lewis when he was traveling to his part of the Louisiana Purchase. It says that before they got to the inn the horses ran away and Neelly went to go catch them. At the time of the death of Lewis, Neelly was supposedly in court in a city about 60 miles away. At the time 2 days by horse.Show MoreRelatedEssay Meriwether Lewis the Leader670 Words   |  3 PagesLewis the Leader Meriwether Lewis is the main reason that the United States’ territory extends from the Atlantic Ocean all the way to the Pacific Ocean (â€Å"Meriwether Lewis† 2). He has done many great things, but he is best known for exploring the American West (1). He was a great man full of bravery. Meriwether faced tons of dangers in his life but he overcame all of them. Lewis â€Å"helped change the face of the United States by exploring uncharted territory- the American West (â€Å"Meriwether Lewis† 2)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Journey Of Meriwether Lewis And William Clark1011 Words   |  5 Pagesof Meriwether Lewis and William Clark as they explore the American West. Ambrose uses the thoughts of Lewis himself as a guide to the book; he even uses extensive journal entries which not only help the readers visualize what is going on during this expedition, but it helps the readers have a better understanding for what is happening in 19th century America. Ambrose uses a bi t of his own logic and opinion in the book as well, he makes it apparent that he has nothing but admiration for Lewis andRead MoreAdvocating For Meriwether Lewis As The Face Of The $ 10 Bill1239 Words   |  5 PagesAdvocating for Meriwether Lewis as the Face of the $10 Bill Introduction I believe that the Meriwether Lewis is one of the most qualified candidates for being on the $10 bill. Meriwether Lewis is most widely known for his part in leading the Corps of Discovery on their expedition across the land of the recently acquisitioned Louisiana Purchase. The expedition took place between May of 1804 to September of 1806 and spanned from St. Louis, Missouri to Fort Clatsop in present day Oregon. During thisRead MoreThe Mysterious Death of America ´s Greatest Explorer Mariwether Lewis587 Words   |  2 Pages The death of America’s greatest explorer, Meriwether Lewis is a mystery. Some say it was suicide and others say it was murder. It was unlikely that Meriwether Lewis committed suicide. This shows that there is more evidence that he was murdered instead of him committing suicide. Also, there were investigations that he was murdered instead of him committing suicide. These include the investigation of the dead body and the investigation of the letters tha t were written about Meriwether Lewis. It isRead More Undaunted Courage Essay732 Words   |  3 Pages A Brief Look at Stephen E. Ambrose’s Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Undaunted Courage is a very detailed account of what Ambrose considers the most important expedition in American history, Lewis and Clark’s exploration of the west. Ambrose attempts to project Thomas Jefferson’s vision of a country that stretches from sea to shining sea, of an open road to the west, of an â€Å"Empire of Liberty†. Ambrose repeatedlyRead MoreThe United States Of The Mississippi River1515 Words   |  7 Pagesmatter arranged, we left the banks of St. Charles with cheers from the crowd†¦into unknown civilization.† (Lewis and Clark) The United States of America was considered to be all of the land east of the Mississippi river. All the land west of the river was, as they thought, a remote and uncivilized part of the world. Sent by President Thomas Jefferson to find the fabled Northwest Passage, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led a very important, but dangerous expedition to explore this land and find a passage Read MoreThe Louisiana Of The United States1650 Words   |  7 PagesEven before holding national office Thomas Jefferson tried to organize several expeditions in the Louisiana territory. Meriwether Lewis was born August 18, 1774, in Charlottesville, Virginia, and was a boyhood neighbor of Thomas Jefferson. In 1794, Lewis joined the military and was commanded by Lieutenant William Clark. Lewis and Clark became good friends. In 1801 Jefferson, Lewis was asked by President Thomas Jefferson to act as his private secretary and he sent him the following letter, Your knowledgeRead MoreThe Great Rock Mountains By Thomas Jefferson1092 Words   |  5 PagesAt the time when Thomas Jefferson was president, the U. S. had bought new land in France. He had Meriwether Lewis to lead an expedition to the New Lands who turned to Wiliam Clark to be the Co-commanding captain which turned into the Lewis and Clark expedition. It was 1803. Thomas Jefferson was the president and he guided a piece of foreign diplomacy through the U.S. senate. After the Louisiana treaty was made, Jefferson took power of an exploration on a new purchased land beyond the â€Å"Great RockRead MoreLewis And Clark s Impact On The United States1480 Words   |  6 PagesLewis And Clark Expedition The exploration of Lewis and Clark into the Louisiana Purchase had a great impact on the United States. During the exploration, they encountered Native American tribes, who exchanged items with them, and new species of plants and animals. The expedition of Lewis and Clark began on May 21,1804. Meriwether Lewis was born on August 18, 1774 in Albemarle County, Virginia. Lewis met Clark in 1795 in the army. Lewis was asked to be Thomas Jefferson’s private secretary in 1801Read MoreThe Second President Of The United States1311 Words   |  6 Pagesdiffered from those in the East. President Jefferson s choice to lead an expedition was Meriwether Lewis, his former secretary and a fellow native of Albemarle County, Virginia. Having reached the rank of captain in the U.S. Army, Lewis possessed military discipline and experience that would prove invaluable. While in the Army, Lewis had served in a rifle company commanded by William Clark. It was Clark whom Lewis chose to assist him in leading this U.S. Army expedition, commonly known today as the

West African Slave Trade Free Essays

The West African Slave Trade was a global event that focused on West Africa. It was the sale and ownership of another human being that was put into slavery. It was a â€Å"forced Migration† that lasted 300 years. We will write a custom essay sample on West African Slave Trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was an event that forced 15, 000, 000 people into slavery for a lifetime. From 1551 – 1850 about 15,000,000 people were brought into the slave trade it is said that roughly 5,000,000 did not survive, and may have immediately died before making through the shock of enslavement. About 10,000,000 people in the western hemisphere survived and were sold on the auction block. Generations continued into slavery, the offspring was also brought into slavery. The owners liked the idea of their slaves reproducing. This meant their work force would grow without having to spend much money on slaves. About 250,000,000 lived in slavery throughout the 300 years. West Africa was the source of the slave trade. Between 1450 and the end of the nineteenth century, slaves were obtained from along the west coast of Africa with the full and active co-operation of African kings and merchants. Slavery was also a traditional part of African society — various states and kingdoms in Africa operated one or more of the following: chattel slavery, debt bondage, forced labor, and serfdom. Ghana, Mali, Songhai were kingdoms that had large economies and supported large populations, they had knowledge of agriculture, and grew many different crops that sustained many people. Because of the West African Slave Trade, These kingdoms were affected by greed and would often go to war and capture prisoners to sell into slavery. Why West Africa? It was all about Economics.Europeans looked toward West Africa because of their knowledge of cultivation and technologies. Expanding European empires in the New World lacked one major resource — a work force. In most cases the natives had proved unreliable (most of them were dying from diseases brought over from Europe), and Europeans were no fit to the climate and suffered under tropical diseases. Africans, on the other hand, were excellent workers: they often had experience of agriculture and keeping cattle, they were used to a tropical climate, resistant to tropical diseases, and they could be â€Å"worked very hard† on plantations or in mines.There were two kinds of slaves that were sold; the chattle slave who are productive or field slaves, who usually held a lower status, worked to produce marketable goods. And companion slaves a domestic or house slaves that performed menial household duties for their masters and had a more intimate connection with owner. The companion was recognized as human, usually raised and educated their owners children. A companions slave’s standard of living was much better than the chattle slave who was a field worker looked at as an animal.The chattle slave was more of a commodity to the owner in the hardest form of labor. Humanity was stripped of him was treated very badly and was worked to death. Slaves were forced to work in cotton and tobacco fields. 90% of slaves were chattle slaves. Europeans needed money to hire a work force. Instead they invested by purchasing slaves who were forced work for no money. Shock of enslavement The people of West Africa went through a 5 step process that forced them into enslavement. The first would be captivity. Slave traders would come into the villages and drag the people out of their homes. Or a captured soldier would be sold to slave trade. Slave traders were experienced; they immediately chained their victims by the neck onto a pole to keep the victims from running. Journey from the interior is the second step. The slave traders walked 20-50 mile with 10 captives at a time, keeping down the chance for a rebellion. By 1850 the slave traders were walking up to 100 miles having to go deeper into Africa. Some captives resisted by crippling themselves in hopes that the slave traders would just leave them behind, some may have succeeded, others may have been killed.Suicide would be their last option. Another form of resistance would be collaboration, where the victim would â€Å"offer† to guide the slave traders to other villages where they would capture other young men for the slave trade. The third step to this process would be the collection centers. Europeans rarely entered the interior of Africa, due to fear of disease and fierce African resistance. The enslaved people would be brought to coastal outposts where they would be traded for goods. Victims were taken to the coastal areas and put in dungeons that were castles built as collection centers.Meanwhile the slave traders gathered enough people to fill a ship to cross the Atlantic. The victims were placed in dark rooms with people of different ethnic groups and different languages making it very hard to communicate. Once the slave traders had enough passengers for the ship, they would move the people by night, taking them to the bottom of the ship and not letting them come up to see daylight until they were miles away. The next step is the middle passage. In the 1550’s there â€Å"human cargo† for the slave trade.Levels were built within the ship with narrow walkways, and boards measuring 2 1/2 by 6’ft. were placed next to each other. As many boards as would fit were laid on each level of the ship. They placed as many as 300 boards for 300 people. By the 1750’s – 1800’s Ships were packed to the fullest. They had 2 people per plank, chained down to the plank for a period of 2 ? – 3 months. Most of the people died during the middle passage. Many had never been on a ship, sick and laying in their own waste. Thousands of slaves died during transportation.They were kept chained up in excessively cramped conditions without sufficient food, water, or exercise, throughout the long Atlantic voyage to the Americas and West Indies. They were not fed properly; dying from disease or depression, the slave traders had no interest in their well-being. The dead were thrown into the ocean; millions of people were thrown into the ocean throughout the 300 years of slave trading. The human cargo ships were also known as â€Å"death ships†, and could be identified by the smell death and waste when high wind blew and ships sailed into port.Because of their malnutrition and poor physical appearance, people were brought to the deck of the ship and forced to exercise, 10 at a time. This provoked attempts of either overpowering the men on the ship, to jump off the ships, or attack the slave traders which led to either suicide or getting killed. Some of the men were able to overpower the ships and unchain the slaves, some ships never made it to the ports, because of the overpowering of the ship, or because of the certain weather conditions. The 5th step of the process would be the final step.Once arrived at the port the victims would be taken to cells to wait for the auction. Looking very weak, doctors were hired specifically to help the victims look presentable. Once the slaves had been worked on, they were put on display for people to choose and bid on. The victims were stripped down to bareness, people would â€Å"check† the people, looking at their bodies, teeth, and even checking for lice. Once the people made these observations, the bidding would begin. Now the victims became slaves for the rest of their life. These were the 5 steps that forced a free person into enslavement.This brought the Transatlantic Slave Trade or triangular trade. Also known as the â€Å"Golden Triangle†. The profits made from the global trade of sugar, tea and coffee were the major driving force behind the triangular trade. For centuries it provided substantial quantities of venture capital for the industrial revolution and the development of the western European economy. The Transatlantic Slave Trade consisted of three journeys: 1). The outward passage from Europe to Africa carrying manufactured goods. 2). The middle passage from Africa to the Americas or the Caribbean carrying African captives and other ‘commodities’. ). The homeward passage carrying sugar, tobacco, rum, rice, cotton and other goods back to Europe. African survival The first years for the colonists were very difficult; there was limited amount of food. The West African slaves had knowledge of certain technologies that resulted in the production of food. This was a process used in West Africa, the people made their own â€Å"fishing nets†. The people would find streams that would lead to fish population, closing in sections and trapping fish in large amounts. They also used concoction. Which is a method used by extracting the oxygen in the water, this made the fish rise to the surface. Other technologies like Cattle ranching, the cultivation of rice and sugar were also expanding in the western hemisphere. The concept of rice cultivation was introduced to the colonial South Carolina 20 years into the colony. Economics, this was a way the colonists made money. The rice cultivation became one of the main crops in colonial South Carolina. The West African people also built shelters using materials available to them, and building shelters out of the West African design.Because colonial South Carolina had swamp areas in their environment, transportation was very difficult. The West African built the main type of transportation which was a small watercraft or canoe of the West African design. The colonists could have not survived if not for the West African slaves. All these methods used were a form of African survival in direct form. From 1739-1820 the population of people coming directly from West Africa was growing. These people had been free people, not born into slavery.The chances for rebellion grew, and slaves were outnumbering their owners. September 9, 1739 was the day of the Stono Rebellion; it was the largest rebellion mounted by slaves against slave owners in colonial America. The Stono Rebellion’s location was near the Stono River in South Carolina. Slaves in the Carolina wanted to reach St. Agustine FL, because the Spanish had spread the word that slaves were going to be free there and land will be given to them. 100 slaves rise up against the colonists, get to an armory, trying to escape to the swamps of Florida.The inexperienced slaves were, encountered by the experienced militia, resulting in the killing of 30 colonists and 60 slaves. Uncomfortable with the increasing numbers of blacks for some time, the white colonists had been working on a Negro Act that would limit the privileges of slaves. This act was quickly finalized and approved after the Stono Rebellion. No longer would slaves be allowed to grow their own food, assemble in groups, earn their own money, or learn to read. Some of these restrictions had been in effect before the Negro Act, but had not been strictly enforced. How to cite West African Slave Trade, Papers

Muscle Cars free essay sample

Ford Mustang A. the top favorite muscle car in the late 1900’s B. Top Selling car in the 1900’s C. The 1960’s best models D. Hard to find now in days, especially 1960’s models V. Chevrolet Camaro A. 1960’s best models B. Second highest selling muscle car C. Copying a model like the mustangs, but not as fast a mustang D. Great expensive car and hard to find VI. Chevrolet Corvette A. Great muscle car B. The spike of the its year 1960’s C. 1969 models having the highest peek in sold models for corvette VII. Plymouth Superbird A. 1970’s highest peek, not min existence any B. A racing car and also a driving car C. Great legend in NASCAR racing and overall great muscle car VIII. 1969 Pontiac GTO A. Great muscle car and expensive parts B. a high chance in improvement and higher motor C. Great competition car and muscle car IX. Shelby Cobra A. High expensive B. rare to find now and days C. Expensive and another great muscle car, great part of race car history Late 1900’s Muscle Cars In the late 1900’s the war was over and the production of vehicles bombed. In the beginning of the 1900’s and in the ending of the 1980’s there where some super cars called muscle cars. These muscle cars where very fast and popular vehicles back in the 1900’s. The first car that made this happen come true was the 1966, 67 Pontiac GTO. A muscle car was just a smaller vehicle with two passengers and that had V8 engine put into the vehicle. After the war so many people bought many vehicles and especially the best cars, such as the Mustangs and Camaro’s. There where muscle cars for the young men and for also the mature men in world. Now in days so many cars in the late 1900’s are so expensive because of how many there were sold and not many left. There aren’t many sold in the world because now in days, these cars aren’t made anymore and have gone extinct. Not have gone extinct but have not made cars like in the 1900’s no more. There’s only a handful of these vehicles left in the world there body work of the cars makes them expensive. In the late 1900’s there where only a handful of vehicles that were made in certain years. That’s what makes these certain muscle cars very rear to high collectors that want to specific cars with exact years. High collectors that want to have specific cars in the late 1900’s find them eventually, but usually these vehicles cost a lot of money. That’s why 1900’s vehicles are rear now in days. Second of all there are many cars that are still out there, but most cars that are found are very rusty or have been destroyed. The dream of a young kid or a young adult is to built there car of there dreams and they eventually do build there cars. Many people now in days don’t want to buy high expensive cars that have been fixed and ready to go. Many muscle car lovers, will love to build there car of there dreams by finding there vehicle beat up or destroyed. But once they find these vehicles they work on them themselves and love to build these cars from the â€Å"Ground, up†. This expression is used as saying that they love to start with an old beat up vehicle and restore it to its original form. But restoring a vehicle is not so easy now in days. This reason is because now in days there are harder parts to find on the year or model car you’re trying to find. Restoring a original muscle car will cost more then 20,000 to 30,000 dollars to restore the car that you always desired. But in the end many muscle cars love how they end up with there dream car and how they love there muscle cars. Some late 1900’s muscle cars are more expensive then others. Many people may say that because of the model of the car or the just because they have out more stuff in there original late 1900’s muscle car. There can be many things why so many people say that, some cars are more expensive then others. But the fact is that, some vehicles are just simply faster and have a better or bigger engine under the hood of the car. Another fact is that just simply that some muscle cars are most expensive then other because of the model or the year of that car. Many muscle cars aren’t found and the ones that find these cars are high and expensive. A real reason why a car being so expensive then other late muscle cars. Is the year and if it is rare and not many of those cars are found now in days. Some other reasons why some muscle cars are more expensive then others are because the motor they put into there original cars. Some other reasons are because the rareness of the car and also how many original parts they used on the car, will make the car more expensive because it’s more original. [pic]The 1967 Shelby GT 500 Mustang is the top muscle cars of its time and a very strong and powerful mustang. This mustang sold more then 100,000 in it’s year when it came out. In late 1965 to the late 1968 mustang where the most popular and best muscle cars of its time. By the end of the first year of the 1967 the mustang had been a want car for many muscle cars of it’s time and still is the best muscle car of its today. Today now and days this car is so expensive and so valuable to many car owners. A car like this would go for more then 40 to 50,000 dollars. The late 67 models are the most valuable because there’s not many of these models left in the world and that makes this very valuable and very expensive, but is also a great car now in days too. This car is considered to be the best muscle cars of all time and to be very valuable now in days. The 1967 Mustang went from 0 to 60 mph in 5. 5 seconds. [pic]Chevrolet Camaro SS, was the second highest popular car sold. This was the era were Chevrolet tried to copy the design of the mustang. It had accomplished it, by selling lots of Camaro’s but not as much as the Mustang’s. The 1967 Camaro was the second highest car to sell in nation wide, with over 80,000 cars sold in that one year. The Camaro came out with a V8 engine and with the choice of a 327 or a 350 small block engine. The horse power of the engine that came out of the engine was around 150 hp. On the Camaro they had â€Å"SS† this meant to say super sport; they meant to say super sport because it was a high powered engine and had lots of muscle for its time. The car did perform well but still couldn’t be able to defeat the 1967 Shelby Mustang. The Camaro went 0to 60 miles per hour in 7 seconds flat. [pic] The 1967 corvette coupe stingray was another great fast and very popular back in the 1900’s. The corvette had finished its 1967 model, many people may say that the model 1967 looks the same as the 1966 model but it came a bit different. It may seemed to looked the 1966 model but, not so much because the 1967 corvette came out with a 427 cubic engine that put out more then 200 hp. It had maximum speed of 140 miles per hour and went 0 to 60 mph in 4. 8 seconds. The 1967 corvette was the first car to have four disk brakes on all four wheels. [pic] The Plymouth Super bird was the car if its time was not any ordinary car, it was back in the day was a NASCAR racing muscle car. It was a muscle car of pure muscle and was a very fast car back in the days. The big tail in the back of the car was to give the car more stamina and make it lighter to make it go faster. This car was designed to be as a jet airplane back in the days. They made the body of the car like a jet airplane and it made the car straight forward that the car would go faster. The Superbird went 200 miles per hour and that was fast back in the days. The car went 200 miles per hour and came out more then 300 horsepower. This car was legendary because there aren’t many as before at all. Not as much as others. These cars where mostly used for racing. It went from 0 to 60 mph in 5. 6 seconds. [pic] The 1967 Pontiac GTO was a great and unexpected muscle car that no one saw coming. The Pontiac was a big surprise for many muscle lovers. The Pontiac was a big surprise because tit came out of no where. The Pontiac had potential and took it, the way the car it looks. It came out with a v8 motor and pumping out more then 300 horsepower and with a 400 cubic engine. The 1967 GTO was a high and unexpected car that no one saw and its overall speed was toped out at 100mph. Also from 0 to 60 miles per hour it got there in 6. 4 seconds. [pic] The Shelby was an old late 1900’s vehicle. This car was another race car back in the days and was very fast and just super bird. But this care is very rare because there aren’t too many of this body frames or cars like these in the world that exist anymore. That’s why this car is very straight forward and very nice car. It had been called the cobra because it strikes fast and it went as fast as the cobra. Work cited Page http://www. musclecarclub. com/musclecars/pontiac-gto/pontiac-gto-history. shtml, http://www. anythingaboutcars. com/1960s-muscle-cars. html http://bruceleibowitz. net/cars/camaro/camaro_history/ http://www. allpar. com/model/superbird. html http://www. helium. com/items/1257226-1960s-corvette

Value Chain Analysis for Amazon

DUI Essay Essays

DUI Essay Essays DUI Essay Essay DUI Essay Essay Driving drunk is the act of operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol, and a DUI is driving under the influence of other mind altering drugs. This doesnt only apply to cars and trucks but also planes, boats, farming vehicles, and even a horse buggy. Driving while intoxicated, also known as DWI is illegal almost everywhere in the united states. It is a crime in the state of New York, and can include penalties of losing your license, getting fines, and even Jail time. To determine how drunk you are, cops use a method called measuring someones BAC. BAC stands for blood alcohol content and any BAC reading . and higher is legally drunk in the state of New York. Nationally, 12. 8% of all drivers involved in fatal accidents during 2001 are known to have been intoxicated according to the BAC laws of their state. This number is based on a examination of the official records of each and every accident involving a fatality during that year in the US. It is based on factual evidence ra ther than on estimates or even guesses. The higher number (about 39%) commonly reported in the press refers to accidents in which there was believed to have been some alcohol consumed by anyone associated with the accident. For example, if a person who was believed to ave consumed any alcohol is stopped at a red light and is rear-ended by an inattentive completely sober driver, that accident is considered to be alcohol-related. Many factors contribute to blood alcohol content; such as the amount of alcohol you drink, how much you weigh, what youVe eaten since you drank, and how much time has passed. The best way to get sober before you drive is to wait. Your body absorbs alcohol at the rate of one drink per hour, so depending on how much you drink youll be waiting a long time. When a person drinks their reaction times are slowed and even doing simple tasks are challenging. That is why its dangerous for a erson under the influence to operate a car or truck. Every year thousands of people die due to drunk drivers, its a horrible statistic that leaves many familys sad, confused, and lost without their loved ones. Drinking and driving is something that should be taken very seriously. The BAC is different for drivers above and below 21 . If you are under aged then you should not be drinking alcohol in the first place. The BAC for a person under 21 is anything more than . 02. This is also referred to as the Zero Tolerance Law, anyone under 21 who drives with a . 02-. 07 BAC violates the law and can be fined with their icense suspended for 6 months. The penalties are in fact different depending on your age. When youre under 21 , you do not face Jail time and the fines are only around $100-$125. People 21 and older face prison and fines between $500 and $1000. Both people under 21 and over 21 face their license being suspended or revoked (below 21 suspended. Above 21- revoked. . Teens have many reasons for drinking and driving, like peer pressure, a lot of pressure is exerted on the non-drinker to drink with the group of friends. Most teenagers want to be accepted, but they make the wrong choices even thought they re familiar with D. W. I. Also like many adult drinkers, teens like to get together with a group and drink to relax and unwind. The teen years are an emotional time for many people because of situations at home, school, and dating for example. A lot of them feel alcohol offers a chance to unwind and get away from reality. Teenagers and pre- teenagers are very impressionable. If alcohol use and excessive drinking is treated lightly in the house, the teen can develop positive attitudes toward drinking. The constant barrage of ads in the newspapers, magazines and on T. V. portray drinking o be cool and a lot of fun for all those who are doing it. A lot of teens like to drink because it allows them to rebel against the law and their parents because its illegal. Its estimated that a dwi accident occurs every 32 minutes. An alcohol-related, fatal crash is one that was reported by a law enforcer and involved a driver or a non driver like a pedestrian with a blood alcohol concentration of 0. 01 grams per deciliter or greater. In 1997, 16,189 alcohol-related fatalities occurred, 38. 6% of the total fatalities for the year. Nearly one-third of the pedestrians 16 years or older who were killed by utomobiles were intoxicated, (had a BAC of 0. 01 g/dl). In 1997, of all fatal crashes that took place on weekdays involved alcohol; This percentage increased to 52% on weekends. For all crashes, the alcohol involvement on weekends was 12% and on weekdays, 5%. In 1996 and 1997, approximately 1. 5 million individuals were arrested for drunk or drugged driving. This is a ratio of one out of every 122 licensed vehicle operators. I agree with the laws, They are not too harsh, but at the same time they get the point across. If you are caught drunk driving you should pay the full price because ou are putting your own life and countless other lives on the line by making one bad decision. I think that if you are under 21 and have even a BAC of . 01, you should still get fined and your license revoked, because you shouldnt be drinking anyway. If your too immature to make the right decision and not drive drunk then your arent mature enough to operate a vehicle. I also think that you should go to Jail if your under 21 and get caught a 2nd time drunk driving. Drinking and driving again Just shows that you did not learn your lesson the first time, and now your going to pay the price.

Growth And Development Of Entrepreneural Ventures Essay

Growth And Development Of Entrepreneural Ventures - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that every business is expected to have certain codes of ethics, which define the kind of interactions that its staff is to have in the course of its business practices. The business that has certain codes of ethics often perform outstandingly in their functions, they products high-quality goods and most preferred by clients. In showing a preference for the products and services made by these businesses. Customers understand that they follow the laid down procedures and standard in executing their functions. Adherence to codes of ethics makes business organizations carry out proper social responsibility programs through which they communicate and show their commitment to the welfare of its workers, other stakeholders, and the outside community. Most businesses that do not have codes of ethics often find themselves in various breaches of the law, forcing them to engage in various lawsuits. Creditors sometimes sue the business for failing to abide by the terms and conditions of sale agreements; additionally, workers sometimes have various issues concerning contractual agreements and remuneration. Ethical issues have special legal provisions to ensure that business organizations that do not live by the law are punishable according to the laid down legal structures. Google Inc., is a multinational American corporation that specializes in offering internet-related products and services. These products include search engines, cloud computing services, online advertisements and various types of software. Most of the products that the company specializes in originated from AdWords. Since the company was incorporated, it has enjoyed consistent growth, managing to become one of the greatest companies in the world that offers internet and related services. The persistent growth has seen the company manage to establish a chain of products and services to take advantage of the ever-increasing internet needs by people worldwide, wh ich are now turning to the internet as the sources of economic livelihood.

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assignment 1 - Essay Example Medical professionals must not only be able to diagnose and treat diseases, but they must also be aware of foods and substances that may be attributed to cultural behavior patterns. Diseases may be transmitted through the consumption of cultural-based foods not found in normal mainstream environments. However, this cultural empathy is not always taught within medical training. Professionals rely so much on their medical expertise that the problems with cultural diversity and cultural awareness are not often understood or applied within a medical environment. In the end, this makes the patient the victim of ignorance and restricts the medical professional’s ability to treat the patient. Furthermore, communication is an important component of cultural diversity and awareness. A patient or research subject must be able to communicate what his or her problems are and the researcher must also be able to ask questions and communicate the treatment methods that are going to occur. Medical administrators must also ask family members and friends specific questions regarding medical history which could come into play regarding research issues and practices. All of this communication is necessary for the treatment and compliance within a research-based institute. Therefore, the need for multi-lingual staff members is crucial, especially in areas where diversity may be the main focus or in geographical areas where diverse demographics may be greater than others. Cultural diversity has impeded the quality of research that can be provided and professionals within the field are only now beginning to understand the impact that culture has on behaviors, treatment and communication . The text illustrates a multitude of dimensions that showcase precisely how important of a role that culture can play on everyday lifestyles. For instance, within the Universal and Culty-Specific Psychological Processes, Matsumoto

A review of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

A review of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity Kong Wei En (BP0711031415) Raymond Koh Chee How (BP0711031287) Jennie Lee Sheah Lin (BP0711031372) Prashanthini A/P Janardanan (BP0711031156) Hong Wei Siong (BP0711031194) Shalini A/P Shanmugavelu (BP0711031145) Introduction Xenobiotics are foreign chemicals in the body [1]. The human body has adapted processes collectively termed as biotransformation to excrete these xenobiotics [1,2]. Biotransformation generally occurs sequentially in two phases [1,2]. Phase I reactions add new functional groups to the parent compound while phase II reactions conjugate these new functional groups with polar groups [1,2]. The end-result of biotransformation is decreased lipid solubility, thus increasing renal excretion [1,2]. The liver is the chief site for biotransformation, [1,2]. Enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and peroxidase enzymes are responsible for biotransformation [3,4]. Occasionally, bioactivation occurs, in which the inert parent compound is modified into toxic metabolites [1,3,4]. The toxic metabolites are either electrophiles or free radicals, which interact with body tissues, subsequently causing toxicity [3,5]. Electrophiles Electrophiles are species deficient in electron pair generated through Phase 1 metabolism by CYP450 [5]. They are short-lived (with the possible exception of some acyl glucuronides) and not usually detectable in circulation [5]. Electrophiles can be generated from carbon, nitrogen or sulphur containing compounds [4]. The most frequently metabolised structural alerts are aromatic systems with electron-donating substituents and some five-membered heterocyclic [6]. Electrophiles cause toxicity through the formation of irreversible covalent bond to nucleophilic tissue components which includes macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids and lipids) or low molecular weight cellular constituents [4]. Covalent binding generates potent and long lasting toxic effects because the covalently modified enzyme/receptor is permanently inactivated [4]. The covalent binding to DNA leads to mutation, tissue necrosis, carcinogenicity and tumour formation [4]. Mutations arise when the electrophiles escape the repair mechanisms of the cell, may be fixed and passed to the progeny [4]. If the electrophiles bind to protein, they will disturb the physiological homeostasis, leading to cell death [7]. Examples of electrophiles include epoxide, hydroxylamines and aldehydes [4,5]. Free radicals Free radicals (species containing an odd number of electrons) may be cations, anions or neutral radicals [8]. Free radicals are generally formed via NADPH CYP450 reductase or other flavin containing reductases [8]. They provide toxicity by peroxidation of cellular components. An important class of free radicals is organic free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion [8]. The potential toxicity of free radicals is far greater than electrophiles [8]. Free radicals are able to produce chemical modifications and damage to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleotides [9]. If the reactive free radical is formed close to DNA then it may produce a change in the structure resulting in a mutation or cytotoxicity [9]. Protein and non-protein thiol groups are readily oxidized by many free radicals and may lead to profound changes in enzyme activity [9]. Another major pathway of metabolic disturbances is depending on covalent binding with cell components such as protein, lipid and nucleic acid to from a stable covalently bound adduct that may grossly distort structure and function [9]. Reactive free radical may also damage cells through membrane damage [9]. Examples of free radicals include hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and peroxynitrite [10]. Examples of drugs undergoing bioactivation and causing subsequent tissue toxicity Table 1: Several drugs, with their corresponding toxic metabolic pathways and the subsequent adverse effects. Drug Metabolic pathway Adverse effects Chloramphenicol Chloramphenicol is first oxidised by CYP monooxygenase into its dichloromethyl moiety [11]. Hydrochloric acid is then eliminated to produce a reactive metabolite that interacts with the Æ -amino acid of a lysine residue in CYP monooxygenase [11]. The enzymatic reaction is eventually retards over time, leading to adverse effects [11]. Apalstic anemia [12] Bone marrow toxicity [12] Acetaminophen The reactive metabolite is called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) [11]. Metabolic pathway 1: Acetaminophen undergoes N-oxidation to become N-hydroxyacetaminophen, which then undergoes dehydration to form NAPQI [11]. This pathway is probably uncommon as N-hydroxyacetaminophen is not a chief intermediate in the oxidation of acetaminophen [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: NAPQI undergoes a Michael-type addition with either glutathione or protein thiol groups [11]. Hepatotoxicity [11,12]. Tienilic acid Tienilic acid is oxidised by CYP2C9 to either thiophene sulfoxide or thiophene epoxide [11]. These electrophilic reactive intermediates alkylate CYP2C9, permanently binding themselves to the enzyme [11]. The enzyme is subsequently inactivated [11]. The body then produces anti-LKM2 autoantibodies against the native CYP2C9 enzyme and the modified CYP2C9 enzyme [11]. Immunoallergic hepatitis [11] Halothane Matabolic pathway 1: In hypoxic states, halothane undergoes reduction to produce the 1-chloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl free radical [11]. This free radical performs a radical attack, leading to the necrosis of hepatocytes [11]. The radical may also react with the Fe2+ in the CYP enzyme to form an iron ÏÆ'-alkyl complex [11]. This complex then causes the necrosis of the hepatocytes [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: Halothane undergoes oxidation to produce trifluoroacetyl chloride [11]. Liver proteins are then trifluoroacetylated on their Æ -NH2-lysyl residue [11]. This newly formed neoantigen evokes an immune response towards the liver [11]. Severe hepatitis [11] Valproic acid Valproic acid is metabolised by CYP2C9 into 2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid, also termed as Δ4VPA [11]. This metabolite can then undergo two pathways [11]. Metabolic pathway 1: CYP enzymes metabolize Δ4VPA into a reactive metabolite, which then proceeds to alkylate the prosthetic heme of the CYP enzymes [11]. Hence, the enzymes are inhibited [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: The Δ4VPA metabolite undergoes ÃŽ ²-oxidation to generate the Coenzyme A ester of 3-oxo-2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid [11]. This new metabolite alkylates the terminal enzyme of ÃŽ ²-oxidation (3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) by a nucleophilic attack at the olefinic terminus [11]. Hepatotoxicity [11] Troglitazone Metabolic pathway 1: The thiazolidinedione ring undergoes oxidative cleavage to produce a reactive sulfoxide intermediate, which spontaneously opens its ring [11]. Metabolic pathway 2: The phenolic hydroxyl group of troglitazone undergoes a one-electron oxidation catalysed by CYP3A to produce an unstable hemiacetal, which spontaneously opens to form a quinine metabolite [11]. The quinine metabolite then undergoes the metabolic pathway described earlier (metabolic pathway 1) [11]. Metabolic pathway 3: The unstable hemiacetal produced in metabolic pathway 2 may undego hydrogen abstraction, resulting in the production of an o-quinone methide derivative [11]. Hepatic failure Death (due to hepatic failure) [11]. Part 2: Applications of Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity in Abacavir and Lidocaine Abacavir Abacavir (ABC) is an anti-HIV drug classified as a nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) [13]. ABC possesses a significant role in the treatment of HIV patients [13]. First, ABC is subjected to phase I oxidation to produce ABC-carboxylate, followed by phase II glucuronidation to generate the inactive glucuronide metabolite [13]. Both the glucuronide and carboxylate metabolites are chiefly eliminated in the urine [13]. ABC undergoes bioactivation to form reactive aldehyde metabolites [13]. ABC metabolism to ABC-carboxylate involves a two-step oxidation via an aldehyde intermediate (unconjugated ABC-aldehyde) which rapidly tautomerizes to the more stable conjugated ABC-aldehyde [13]. This reactive metabolite is capable of reacting with proteins to produce covalent adducts, which results in the occurrence of adverse effects [13]. The most prevalent acute ABC-induced adverse effects are the potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) that occur within the first 6 weeks of treatment [13]. ABC also possesses the potential to induce cardiotoxicity, which raised further concerns about the prolonged administration of this drug [13]. Lidocaine Lidocaine has been extensively used in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias [14]. It is also usually administered intravenously to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction [14]. Its chemical structure is an amide with an aromatic group [15]. Lidocaine is chiefly metabolized by the microsomal enzyme system in the liver [15]. The major biotransformation pathways are oxidation and hydroxylation [14]. Lidocaine undergoes oxidative N-deethylation to form the toxic mono-ethylglycinexylidide, which is then hydrolysed to 2,6-xylidine [14,15]. Finally, 2,6-xylidine is modified to 4-hydroxy-2,6-xylidine, which is excreted in urine [14]. Lidocaine also undergoes hydroxylation of the aromatic nitrogen to form N-hydroxylidocaine and the toxic N-hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide [14]. The active and toxic metabolites known as mono-ethylglycinexylidide and N-hydroxymonoethylglycinexylidide primarily cause neural and cardiac toxicity [14,15]. Early signs of CNS intoxication include shivering, muscular twitching and tremors of the facial muscles [15]. As toxicity is low, it is safely and extensively used to treat arrhythmias [15]. Conclusion To eliminate xenobiotics from our body, processes collectively termed as biotransformation occurs in two phases. However, toxic metabolites (electrophiles or free radicals) may be produced in processes called bioactivation, which interact with body tissues and cause tissue toxicity. The bioactivation and subsequent adverse effects of abacavir and lidocaine has been discussed in detail. References [1] Rang H, Dale M, Ritter J. Rang Dales pharmacology. 7th Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2011. [2] Dekant W. The role of biotransformation and bioactivation in toxicity. Springer. 2009; 57-86. [3] Walsh J, Miwa G. Bioactivation of drugs: risk and drug design. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 2011; 51: 145-67. [4] Brahmankar DM, Jaiswal SB. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics A Treatise. 2nd Edition. Vallabh Publications Prakashan; 2012. [5] Boyer T, Manns M, Sanyal A, Zakim D. Zakim and Boyers hepatology. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier; 2012. [6] Walsh J, Miwa G. Bioactivation of drugs: risk and drug design. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology. 2011; 51: 145-67. [7] Ioannides C, Lewis DFV. Cytochromes P450 in the Bioactivation of Chemicals,Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2004; 4:1767-88. [8] Leon Shargel , Andrew Yu, Suzanna Wu-Pong. Applied Biopharmaceutics Pharmacokinetics. 6th ed. USA :McGraw Hill ; 2012. [9] Trevor F. Slater. Free-radical mechanisms in tissue injury. Biochem J. 1984 Aug 15;222(1):1-15. [10] V. Lobo, A. Patil, A. Phatak, N. Chandra. Free radicals and functional foods : impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010 Dec; 4(8): 118-26 [11] Wermuth CG, editor. The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry. 3rd edition. UK and USA: Elsevier Ltd.; 2008. [12] Nassar AF, Hollenberg PF, Scatina J, editors. Drug Metabolism Handbook: Concepts and Applications. New Jersey and Canada: John Wiley Sons, Inc.; 2009. [13] Griloa NM, Charneirab C, Pereiraa SA, et al. Bioactivation to an aldehyde metabolite-Possible role in the onset of toxicity induced by the anti-HIV drug abacavir. Toxicology Letters. 2014; 224: 416-23. [14] Collinsworth KA, Kalman SM, Harrison DC. The Clinical Pharmacology of Lidocaine as an Antiarrhythmic Drug. Circulation. 1974;50:1217-30. [15] Johansen Ø. Comparison of Articaine and Lidocaine used as Dental Local Anesthetics. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo; 2004. 25 p.

Carter cleaning

Honesting testing at carter cleaning company. Questions and Answers. 1 -What would be the advantages and disadvantages to Jennifer's company of routinely administering honest tests to all its employees? Polygraph testing raises a large number of legal and moral issues; issues Carter Cleaning must avoid. using some of the available â€Å"paper and pencil† honesty tests may be a possibility. In general, these have been shown to be reasonably reliable and valid.They are still controversial. The costs associated with these tests may also make them prohibitive to a small operation like Jennifers carter cleaning. 2. SpecifIcally, what other screening techniques could the company use to screen out theft-prone employees? How exactly could these techniques be used? More thorough background checks are a recommend technique to eliminate thieves. Some firms chose to contract this out to a private security agency (Costmay be an Issue to Jennifer.However, the company can quickly check to se e If savlngsfrom educed theft would offset the cost of an outside agency. As part of the job preview,Carter must communicate that jobs in her company are worth keeping; dishonesty and theft will not be tolerated. Further company policies regarding theft should be clearly communicated to new and existing employees. 3. How should her company terminate employees caught stealing and what kind of procedure should be set up for handling reference calls about these employees when they go to other companies looking for Jobs?Terminating employees for theft should include the involvement of proper authorities and should only be done when there is absolute proof of the theft and who committed it. Such an action will also send a message to the other employees that you will not tolerate theft of company resources . While many employers are reluctant to prosecute employees for theft , developing evidence with police and through the courts can be beneficial in providing future employers of the ind ividual with truthful and factual Information.

WorldCom Accounting Failure

This research paper will seeks to discuss accounting failure at WorldCom by trying to understand the nature of fraud committed, the perpetrators who caused the failure, the lacking controls that may have caused all these problems and the intentions of the perpetrators as would be revealed by the extent and frequency of manipulation done in the financial reports of the company. This paper hopes to find the lesson of the story for the guidance of people who may be involved the same way or the other. . Analysis and Discussion 2. 1 Brief background of the company. WorldCom was part the Telecommunication Company before its name it was eventually named to MCI in 2003, Inc after several events including its merger with LDDS and later with MCI Communications as part of its strategy to get out from bankruptcy caused by the scandals that the company went through. MCI, Inc was purchased by Verizon Communication and now part of Verizon Division. What happened at WorldCom, what caused them to commit fraud? WorldCom’s stocks were used as means to enrich its chief executive officer (CEO) Ebbers and other officers basically from finance and accounting departments at the expensed of many investors by making the company’s to look more profitable than what is real. The fake profitability has caused the price of the company’s stock to rise significantly but only to be used by certain people to take advantage with malice against the investors. As to what caused them to commit fraud may be clearly blamed on the apparent greed of these people for more wealth with of the involvement of many of officers or from another point of view, by the laxity of the system of control that allowed things to happen so easily. As to which is more believable would be subject to analysis in the following sections and subsections. 2. 1. b. What kind of fraudulent accounting practices were used to manage earnings, describe the specifics of how it was accomplished? The two fraudulent practices could be classified into two. The first one the underreporting of â€Å"line costs† by capitalizing them rather than recording as expenses for the period and the second one is inflating or overstating the revenues. In accounting profitability is measured by the excess of revenues over expenses every period. The company in effect deferred the recognition of the expenses so that company appeared more profitable that what is real when expenses are recognized properly. The other fraudulent practice is therefore logical and would have the same effect as the first since inflating or increasing the revenues would cause to the company’s profitability to look better. Each of the fraudulent practice is described in detail below. The overall objective of efforts was to keep reported line costs to approximately 42% of revenues which is far from having actually reached levels in excess of 50%, and to maintain in its report to investors double-digit revenue growth when the truth is that actual growth rates were so much lower substantially. People became rich because of the frauds including the company’s CEO Bernard as derived from the increasing price of his shareholdings with the company. The start of the fraudulent accounting was found to be 1999 when the company wanted to paint a good financial condition contrary to what the company was actually in after the downturn in the telecommunication industry shortly after WorldCom has acquired MCI in 1998. By painting a different picture investors were plainly deceived into investing. 2. 1. b. 1) Underreporting ‘line costs’ (interconnection expenses with other telecommunication companies) by capitalizing these costs on the balance sheet rather than properly expensing them The first fraud committed is the reduction of reported line costs, which represents the company largest category of expenses. It is a good thing its internal audit personnel were the ones which alerted about improperly transfer of $3. 852 billion from line cost expenses to capitalized a ccounts during 2001 and the first quarter of 2002. It was latter announced by company about the additional line cost accounting fraud which when combined with the first $ 3. 8 billion would total at $6. 412 billion in improper reductions to line costs. These and other manipulations of line cost caused fraudulent jumping up of pre-tax income by over $7 billion. The fraud actually started as line cost adjustments in the form of accruals in 1999 and 2000 but when it was not possible to make more large accruals, the next scheme as to capitalized or defer 2001 and 2003 operating line cost as assets . Capitalizing will cause the assets to be bigger than actual and would also make the financial structure of the company which would make it attractive to investors while improving its profitability position because of understatement of expenses that would bloat the income. Line costs could be defined charges for carrying a voice call or data transmission from one point to anther point which represents the company’s largest single expense from 1999 to 2001. Being the largest, it was in reality approximately more than 50% of total expenses. This was taken particular focus by company management and other parties particularly outside analysts to find out the trends by the use of ratio of line cost expense to revenue (E/R ratio) as a way to measure the trend of behaviour of the cost to revenues . The company’s manipulation in accrual could be found in releasing the same with the required analysis even it was in excess of the amount required. Even in case of excess accruals, the company did not cause them to be effected at the time of identification. What happened rather was for certain line cost accruals to have been kept as rainy day funds and managers caused only their release when needed. It appears that everything was really in the control of the perpetrators which included key accounting and finance officers since the accounting information was almost being manipulated to serve their selfish purpose as when there is a felt need to improve results. There could only be malice for this kind of behavior since accounting information as supposed to be reported because standards require them to be such. Another manipulation in the accrual as found by investigators was the release of accruals that are applicable for other purposes thus further again understating the expenses to attain the targeted level of profitability as promised to the investors by the manipulators. The inappropriate releases of had commonality in features since they appear directed Chief Finance Officer Sullivan, Controller Myers, and Accounting Yates who are incidentally part of the finance organization in the company. Another is the fact that released occurred not during ordinary or normal day to day operations but during adjustment periods after the end of each quarter and documentation are lacking and employees involved have raised concerns at time because they knew what was indeed happening to the company. The company has fundamentally worn out available accruals at the most possible means to address the needed manipulation of line costs as reported in its financial report by the end of 2000, The following quarter of 2001 and one year after in 2002, the reduction was reached $3. 8 billion from the capitalized $3. billion as directed by its Chief finance officer. It was a clear violation of company’s capitalization policy and the generally accepted accounting standards. Sullivan when asked about the violation commented that there is the plan to ultimately reduce these apparently bloated assets accounts with a hefty restructuring charge to be effected in 2002. The practice of capitalizing operating expense would produce the effect of shifting these costs to balance sheet from income statement and the effect was to bloat income and assets at the same time. Without the capitalization, there would have been losses instead of pre-tax gain as reported. Capitalization by reduction of line cost allowed the company to have E/R ratio of about 42% in every quarter while in reality the company has exceeded 50% E/R ratio. The message that it was bringing to the stock market was that the company’s have been able to sustain profitability despite the problem in the telecommunication industry. A capitalization strategy is in fact part of the internal control but was twisted by manipulators to serve their ends, and for this reason Chief Finance Officer Sullivan needed consent from a number of people from financial and accounting departments of WorldCom. The company had its General Accounting group that is based in Clinton, Mississippi, which made actual journal entries, but the system of the company allows the creation of a swell effect from the books by adjusting databases and reports from several finance-related groups. These groups include Property Accounting group which had its base from Texas which and which as tasked to tracked company’s capital assets. Due to non-passing through the ordinary capital expenditure process, the group was called to effect the capitalizations physically in its database and on its reports. Another group from Texas, called capital reporting group had also participated responsible since it was tasked to approve capital expenditures and to track the same capital spending. It was normal to have the employees within the General Accounting group since the problems on manipulation are basically done by journal entries and their adjustments that these people became concerned about the propriety of the practice causing them to express concern to each others and some even talked of looking for outside that given the risks that they were exposed to. Fortunately, something happened and the tilt of what is good eventually came to the rescue when the Internal Audit discovered the capitalization sometime in June 2002. 2. 1. b. (2) Inflating revenues with bogus accounting entries from ‘corporate unallocated revenue accounts’). WorldCom painted itself in the market as high-growth Company, and how its revenues is going to grow is a thing that should speak for a successful company. Company’s main business is to provide goods and service which are measurable by revenues. Since revenues increase was clearly critical factor of its success, WorldCom was able to convince investors what the company was above water even if market conditions throughout the telecommunications industry were not that good in 2000 and 2001. Since investors would like to make money, it would it was very easy to dupe them into believing that the company could sustain growth. Claiming to have successfully managed industry trends which on contrary were already hurting all of its competitors, the company was wonderfully deceiving people with the promises of double-digit growth rates. It would be asserted in addition to what was stated earlier, the higher the revenues, the higher also would be the profitability if all other things like the expenses are assumed equal. But the company has already bloated revenues and deliberated understated the expenses, so that the growth in profitability was indeed tremendous to attract people to invest in the company’s stocks. The manipulators behind the schemes were therefore focus on revenue enhancement. Ebbers was found by investigators intensely to have put much efforts on revenue performance, by his receiving and closely examining revenue reports which are given to him on a monthly basis by the company’s Reporting and Accounting Group. It was starting in 1999 that the company people made efforts to bloat revenues after the end of every reporting quarter to show to users of information that it was achieving high revenue growth targets that CEO Ebbers and Chief Finance Officer Sullivan had made or wanted to happen. The bloating of revenues was basically done by making adjustments between the differences of actual and â€Å"targeted revenues† and level the same as corporate unallocated revenue accounts. In simple means the company’ management announced a target in revenues to be attained and such must be attained and presented when reporting period comes that the same will require adjusting entries and level the same as unallocated. According to investigators, the questionable revenue entries found under the Corporate Unallocated accounts reached millions or tens of millions of dollars which appeared generally only in the quarter-ending month which were recorded weeks after the quarter has ended. Between Ebbers and Sullivan, it was the second one who became concerned since revenues recorded were already masking the result of the company’s operation. 2. 1. c. Who in the company perpetrated the fraud? Discuss also the fact that the corporations CEO, Bernard Ebbers, took millions of dollars in personal loans from the corporation’s funds. Very briefly discuss the outcome of the fraud and the whole WorldCom scandal, how it was discovered, what happened to the perpetrators. Ebbers persuaded the company’s board of directors to provide him loans amounting to over than $400 millions to cover his margin calls that he failed and was ousted as CEO in April 2002 by John Sidgmore. He and other perpetrators were eventually prosecuted and convicted of crimes in relation to corporate scandals. It was discovered by the internal audit group an announcement was made for the hefty understatement of line cost in the amount of more than $3 billion. This kind of fraud in additions other understatement of lines cost by capitalization and inflation of revenues caused their perpetrators caused their freedom and they are now serving the prison sentences. The fraud was the on the damaged caused to investors who lost their money because of the fake profitability and financial condition of the business. 2. 2) Discuss in detail what controls/ internal controls were missing and/or subverted in order for this fraud/accounting failure to occur. The needed controls/internal controls that were missing and/or subverted in order for this fraud/accounting failure to occur is the independence of the auditors and integrity of the officers of the corporation. The need for independent auditors to ensure reliability of the financial statements is paramount since management not independent in many instances of their engagements and the most probable thing to happen is for management to make self-serving representation in the preparation of financial statements. The practice of accounting profession where the independent auditors will have to attest to the reliability of the financial statements requires the auditor must indeed be independent, competent and with integrity. Lacking one of these requirements would really make a big difference. It appears that the auditor of WorldCom was Arthur Andersen which had involvement with Enron which also collapsed and Waste Management Company. In fact the Security and Exchange Commission had Mr Arthur Anderson convicted at lower court but said conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court sometime in May of 2005. Although he was acquitted of the charge eventually, the fact that he was already charge and convicted is a question of character which do not have a place in the accounting profession. The role of auditors between their client and the public is one vested with public interest so that auditors must have good moral character. Since the auditor should be independent the engagement must be purely auditing or attestation service. It was possible that Andersen was maintaining secretly a special relationship with the management of WorldCom thus Ebbers and company was courageous enough to do the fraudulent act as the very nose of the regulators and the investing public. Dependable information is essential to the very existence of our society. The investor making a decision to buy or sell securities, the banker deciding whether to approve a loan, the government is obtaining revenue based on income tax returns, all are relying upon information provided by others. In many of these situations, the goals of the providers of information run directly counter to those of the users of the information. The purpose of having an auditor is for attestation function or to provide assurance as to reliability of the financial statements. Arguing to have the external auditors to protect the company assets from fraud would be sounding too simple since more than the auditors the stockholders or owners of the corporation must have also the protective or preventive attitude. In addition therefore for the need to have independent, honest and competent external auditors, the company must have also the same independent and honest officers, particularly those who are members of the audit committee and those performing money related functions. The function of company officers are part of a good internal control that any normal or good company must have so that functions would be defined and duties would be segregated or separated in such way that would provide checks and balances. This system of checks and balances are part therefore of good internal control that a company must put into effect. A good internal control must also ensuring compliance with the GAAP is by having since the two are complementary. The GAAP is an external requirement to provide the needed characteristic of information to be reliable for decision making. It is faulty to argue that a company has an efficient and effective internal control over financial reporting if it not consistent with the requirements of GAAP. The underreporting of expenses and inflating of revenues are clear violations of the GAAP since GAAP works for fair presentation of financial statement which are governed by revenue recognition principles and expense recognition principles. Under the revenue recognition principles, revenues must be properly recognized when earned. The practice of inflating revenues by adjusting entries in creating corporate unallocated revenue accounts could easily be detected if there is an effort to do so since the name of unallocated accounts is very revealing but since the perpetrators are from the very people who are to ensure the reliability of the financial statements, the standard appeared to have no power over their criminal minds. But as found in the investigation, it was the internal audit which first calls for the alarm when there was a transfer of line costs amounting to more than $ 3 billion. This means that the system of internal control of the company still allows the working of revenue recognition principle to be noticed since they found that the ratio of expenses to revenue was already too low despite the transfer of big amount of expenses to assets. The revenue recognition principle could have guided them the simple minds of auditor that it was utterly impossible to have produced those ratios. To go back to internal control, it is management’s responsibility to have it in place but the people who were governed by the procedures did not all work together to protect the company assets since some are just evil while others are perhaps touched by their conscience especially the internal audit personnel who called the alarm on the transfer of more $3 billion line costs to assets. It appears that internal control must also have the characteristic of integrity as a system since if others are honest but others are dishonest, it will still malfunction because the company appeared to have two sets of values. Every practicing accountant and auditors will agree that the purpose of the internal control is to provide assurance that its financial statements are reliable and its preparation are in accordance with the accounting standards as issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Since internal control policies and procedures for the maintenance of record in reasonable detail and reflecting the same in accurate and fair manner, first and foremost, the objective must be desired by management as a goal. In the case of WorldCom it is believable to assert that the company did have internal control but its implementation was clouded by the intention of the few who wanted to enrich themselves at the expense of investors. If the company has indeed proper values that are adopted and desired by its members, the company could have surmounted the internal control’s inherent limitations for its not to have prevented or detected the misstatement of revenues and expenses. 2. 3 Discuss in detail what a forensic accounting consultant (you) would have recommended or instilled to have prevented this fraud/accounting failure. pages As a forensic accounting consultant, what was needed was independence of the auditor from management. Auditors are to maintain their independence from the client as called for by their ethical standards but the moment that there is connivance, it goes pretty sure that fraud could easily happen. The work of an external auditor is separate from that of the company ac countant or even an internal auditor. Companies must reliable financial reporting system so that information should accurate and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). One way of ensuring compliance with the GAAP is by having an efficient and effective internal control over financial reporting. Since it is management’s responsibility to do the same, the company must do the same with a sense of integrity as part of its defining values. . Since the purpose of the internal control is to provide assurance that its financial statements are reliable and its preparation are in accordance with the US GAAP must be become a necessity for the company to make it good. Internal control is policies and procedures for the maintenance of record in reasonable detail of information and should the reflection of the same in accurate and fair manner. This set of policies and procedure would provide assurance at reasonable level so that unauthorized acquisition or disposition of company’s asset that could materially affect financial statements are detected timely and prevented accordingly. Every company’s internal control has its own inherent limitations that may not prevent or detect the misstatement that must be watched. It is thus accepted by experts in accounting that projections of any effective evaluation to future periods could still have risk thus making the controls inadequate to respond to the needs for more reliable financial statements because of changing conditions as a necessary part of business and degree of compliance with establish procedures may decline as well. It is for this reason that the managements desiring to have the internal in effect must conduct its own evaluation of its existing internal control on its financial reporting. It cans use as framework the Internal Control – Integrated Framework as issued by the Committee of Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). 3. Conclusion The story of WorldCom is a story of how greed would cause damage to people and how the accounting profession could be used as an instrument to perpetrate fraud. Theoretically, accounting is considered as the language of business and that it should provide information to help users for decision making. The basic requirement of valid accounting information is that it must be accurate or truthful. This characteristic was absent in the case of WorldCom as the accounting information was twisted to serve the interest of few people. No wonder Ebbers and company have to go to jail to suffer for the accounting fraud they have committed against the investors and for other crimes which are connected to the act of fraud. The analysis revealed to have to good internal control as requirement for providing reasonable assurance of providing information that is reliable for decision making. Said purpose must be consistent in the company’s being subjecting itself to compliance with US GAAP for the preparation of its financial statements that are reliable. The company must put and serious stand on this since the standards are meant to reconcile conflicting interest of users to prevent one user from taking advantage at the expense of the other. The set of policies and procedures from the efficient and effective internal control would provide reasonable that unauthorized acquisition or disposition of company’s assets that could materially affect financial statements are detected one time and preventive efforts could be applied accordingly. In the final analysis however, between the good internal control and the people who would implement, more weight should be given in the need for integrity and honesty of people who will implement the internal control. The maker should control what it has made. By the same principle the good internal control will mean nothing if people do not have integrity and are only seeking their selfish interest at the expense of all other stakeholders. There is no cure for greed there is a way to discourage or minimize the same by threat of strict implementation of the law. The case of Anderson who became an auditor of WorldCom appears to have not resulted to his prosecution of any crime but the auditor’ case with Enron was different. However he got himself acquitted in the higher court. Government therefore has also a role to play. It has imprisoned the perpetrators of WorldCom hence it should be a warning for many who plans to cheat investors.

The Media And Its Effects On Society - 1736 Words

In today’s world, the large problem with the way the media advertises the human body is growing every day. From digitally editing magazine ads, to starved models, to plastic people, advertising paints an unrealistic and unhealthy body image to the public. Advertisements that display these plastic people as the epitome of beauty, cause otherwise normal, healthy people to invest in unhealthy diet plans which can lead to eating disorders, and even premature death. Women desperately trying to compete with plastic models are not the only casualty of this cruel psychological war; men are envious of the perfectly toned six packs on underwear models just as much. Eager to compete, steroids clog up the hearts of those who just want to meet the†¦show more content†¦Everyone is self-conscious of something, and these advertisements only encourage more insecurities; implanting a specific image of what a person should look like as time goes on. In reality, people who are complete ly healthy and active are sometimes labeled â€Å"overweight† because of their particular body type and genetic makeup. Yet, the term â€Å"overweight† has a whole different meaning these days, doesn’t it? Websites and magazines tell us what our weight should be for our exact height and age, yet they don’t take into consideration that every human being is different and often won’t live up to the specific number range expected of them. A number on a scale doesn’t define a person, just like long silky hair, trim waists, clear skin, a large bust and thin thighs don’t all define a perfect girl, and six packs, huge muscle build, and tall height don’t all define a perfect boy. . There are thousands of people who suffer with eating disorders every year. â€Å"The morality rate for eating disorders is 6 percent, probably the most deadly of all mental disorders in patients, incorporating starvation, cardiac arrest, and suicide.† (French Fashion Industry Agrees To Promote Healthy Body Images). If these unattainable body images weren’t flaunted where everyone could see and be influenced by it, the number of people with eating disorders would lessen significantly without the pressure of perfection all around them. I have found that these images are more popular in America than some