Thursday, October 31, 2019
Cross -Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Cross -Culture - Essay Example Managers therefore have to understand the cultural differences in order to operate effectively in the tough business environment. Managers are required to motivate their employees and they can only do that if they know the differences between cultures of employees. Awareness of cultural differences is a must in order to manage employees from different background. For example Japanese and Indian working together will have different needs like in Japan lunch is the main meal of the day while in India dinner is the main meal. Now a manager has to decide upon the lunch timings so that both the needs of Japanese and Indian employees can be satisfied. This is why cross cultural training is important both for employees and for managers. Hofstede’s cultural dimension theory gives six dimensions of values across which people differ with each other. One of those dimensions is the Power Distance Index or PDI. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. PDI represents inequality in an organization or in a country. Culture that has low PDI is more democratic and people are considered equal. Culture that has high PDI is autocratic and people accept inequality. Brazil has a 69 on PDI which is very high. The world average on PDI is 55 which mean that Brazil has higher PDI as compared to the average. This means that Brazil is a relatively autocratic society with greater inequalities. Brazil’s PDI is very similar to Latin American countries. In Brazil people accept that organizational hierarchies exist and also accept lower pays relative to supervisors. A tradition of giving in to the authority exists in the country. Another dimension of Hofstede’s theory is individuality versus collectivism. It is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. In
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Assignments 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Assignments 1 - Assignment Example The US government intervened in the case and tried to solve the issues at hand. The purpose of this report is to critically analyze the decisions and goals set by the then CEO of the company Mr. Bernie Ebbers. A number of factors contributed to this fraud and this include corporate culture, leadership, and communication style among others. The report use literature reviews form financial analysts, business journals and investigation reports to understand how the above factors contributed to the massive financial fraud as well as the failure of the company. The report will show how the CEOs ambitions and need to satisfy the Wall Street expectations led to fraud as well as failure of the internet communication slow growth after massive investment. WorldCom was established in 1983 under the name Long Distance Discount Service by two businessmen Murray Waldron and William Rector. Two years later, a new investor Bernard Ebbers became the CEO of the company. At that time, the company was based in Jackson Mississippi. In 1989, the company acquired Advantage companies Inc and consequently became traded publicly as a corporation. A couple of other acquisitions were done by the company in the following decade including Resurgens Communications group Inc, Metromedia Communications Corp in 1993. In 1995, after the acquisition of Williams Telecommunications, the company changed its name to WorldCom Inc. Perhaps the biggest acquisition yet was MCI Communications Corps, Brooks Fiber Properties Inc. and CompuServe Corp in 1998. The next big merger with Sprint was blocked in 2000 by both the European and US regulators. This was the beginning of catastrophes to the company. The company was actively involved in telecommunication services which included internet, emails, voice calls among others. Before the fraud case in 2002, the company had made investments to expand its internet capabilities as there was high expectation on
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Impact of Smoking on Child Health
Impact of Smoking on Child Health Environment and Hazard -5 The Home Environment plays an important role in many issues affecting child health across the globe. Children in general may be vulnerable and become exposed to various other household hazards such as exposures to known harmful building materials, chemicals, radon, drinking water and well-water and nitrogen dioxide. Poor housing conditions and poor ventilation together with household air pollution may also increase the risks of child hood diseases. Indoor exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) may also be hazardous and contribute to health consequences like asthma in those children that are affected. Full exposure Pathway Exposures to tobacco smoking may occur at any level along the entire stages of human development and these may include preconception (maternal and paternal smoking), pregnancy (maternal smoking and passive smoking), infancy (passive smoking), childhood (passive and active smoking) and young and adulthood (active and passive smoking). 1 The key internal exposure pathways and their possible routes for exposure to tobacco smoking that may lead to asthma include; In utero exposure 2 mainly concerns the maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) associated with pregnancy via active or passive smoking. Route: Trans placental Mothers who are pregnant and are either active smokers or passive smokers run a risk of their developing foetus being exposed to the chemical toxicants of tobacco smoke transmitted via the placenta.2 The tobacco smoke constituents are initially inhaled through the respiratory airways to the smaller airways in the lungs (bronchioles) and then absorbed through the tiny gas-exchanging airway sacs (alveoli) and into the maternal blood circulation. Indoor air exposure particularly second hand smoke, where the children at household level are frequently getting exposed if their family members are smokers. Studies have showed that children are (the two reasons highlighted). 3 Route: Inhalation Active smoking refers to the active smokers who inhale the undiluted smoke directly into their lungs from the end of cigarette which is called mainstream smoke (MS). 4 Theconstituents ofmainstream smoke are believed to contain higher in doses of tobacco chemicals compared to passive smoking. Second Hand Smoking or Passive smoking- refers to the non-active smokers who mostly inhale what is called second-hand smoke (SHS) which is a mixture of side-stream smoke(SS) comprised of both the smoke from the glowing cigarette and the exhaled air (mainstream smoke).4 Thus, the side-stream smoke is diluted because it contains both the exhaled mainstream smoke and air and may be less in concentration of the tobacco chemical constituents.4 Third-hand smoke refers to the surface-deposited tobacco smoke chemical components which may be left in indoor environments for periods that allow change to their compositions and render them harmful to humans especially infants and toddlers who commonly practice hand-mouth on contaminated surfaces.5 Asthma Asthma can be defined as an inflammatory airway disease involving inflammation and impairment of airway due to a complex interaction of immune cells and nonimmune environmental factors that trigger asthma such as tobacco smoking and second hand smoke. 6 Scope and nature of problem Asthma is a very common chronic disease affecting children and is believed to affect almost 300 million people world-wide.7Evidence has shown that the prevalence of asthma has been on the rise in the last 50 years (Ref) with increasing trends noted in the industrialised and developed regions. The increase in the global burden of asthma disease ensures that important environmental factors that contribute to asthma are clearly identified for improved intervention and prevention strategies. Risk factors The risk factors for asthma that are commonly known include allergies, positive family history of asthma, cock-roach allergen, environmental tobacco smoke exposure(ETS), and prenatal smoking. 8 The diagram shown below in figure 1 summarises the early life risk factors for persistent asthma 9. It shows the different pathways in which environmental exposures and genetic predispositions lead to asthma. As illustrated, environmental exposures to tobacco smoke may affect a foetus in prenatal and later postnatal through impairment and inflammation of the lung resulting in asthma. Figure 1 Showing how environmental exposures and genetic predispositions may contribute to asthma in different pathways in early life.          Prenatal exposures                                              Postnatal exposures Viral URTI           spread            Severe LRTI Repeated episodes Primary atopic           Allergen              Persistent Sensitization              exposure            inflammation↓ Genetic Predispositions                                           Genetic Predispositions Disease association and hazard Studies in the past and recent have looked at the causal relationship between ETS or second hand smoke and asthma disease and have identified that ETS has been a significant indoor air hazard with the potential to causing serious health consequences such as asthma. Goodwin According to the Global Youth Tobacco Survey carried out by World Health Organization in 2007 (WHO), about 44% of all the children living in the world were exposed to environmental Tobacco smoke at household level. 10 An updated meta-analysis study from Surgeon Generals Report (SGR) of the United States (DHHS 2006), a causal relationship between SHS and childhood induction of asthma could not be drawn to conclusion due to insufficient evidence from smaller number of studies. 11 However, a similar systematic review and meta-analysis study that examined prenatal and passive smoke exposure and asthma incidence at the UK Centre for Tobacco Control studies at University of Nottingham (2011) found that the incidence of wheeze and asthma in children and young people increased by 20% when exposed to passive smoking.12 Long term implications The health implications of tobacco smoking are well recognized across the globe. The exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) happens across the entire life span of an individual and therefore long term implications are inevitable. Persistent asthma can be a long-term implication which adds to the global burden of asthma disease. Identifying the risk factors and aiming for primary prevention through life style changes such as avoiding maternal smoking during pregnancy could help prevent asthma. Environmental modifications and lifestyle changes may help reduce risks for asthma. The use of international health guidelines such as the WHO Convention Framework for Tobacco Control (FCTC) 13 may provide benchmarks for health professionals and policy makers to implement strategies and interventions. Reference Breton CV, Byun HM, Wenton M, Pan F, Yang A, Gilliland FD. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylaton. Am J Respir Crit care Med 2009; 180:462-7 Sly P, Flack F. Susceptibility of children to environmental pollutants. Ann NY Acad Sci 2008; 1140:163-83 Tung KY, Wu KY, Tsai CH, Su MW, Chen CH, Lin MH, et al. Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Environmental research. 2013; 124:7-12 US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health;1986. DHHS Publication No, (CDC) 87-8398 Matt GE,Quintana PJ,Destaillats H, et al.Thirdhand tobacco smoke:emerging evidence and arguments for a multidisciplinary research agenda. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119:1218-26 Stapleton M, Howard-Thompson A, George C, Hoover RM, Self TH. Smoking and asthma. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine: JABFM. 2011;24(3):313-22. The Global Asthma Report 2011.Paris, France.The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.;2011. Goodwin RD, Cowles RA. Household smoking and childhood asthma in the United States: a state-level analysis. The Journal of asthma: official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2008;45(7):607-10. Guilbert TW, Singh AM,Danov Z, et al. Decreased lung function after preschool wheezing rhinovirus illnesses in children at risk to develop asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:532-8. e10. WHO, 2007. Only 100% smoke-free environments adequately protect from dangers of second-hand smoke. New WHO policy recommendations point to extensive evidence. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. DHHS. 2006. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Ofà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ce on Smoking and Health. Burke H, Leonardi-Bee J, Hashim A, Pine-Abata H, Chen Y, Cook DG, et al. Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):735-44 Shibuya,K., et al., 2003.Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: development of an evidence based global public health treaty. BMJ 327,154-157
Friday, October 25, 2019
Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays
Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action†in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin†(Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program†(Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.†Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.†The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.†2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print. Affirmative Action Essay -- Government Affirmative Action Essays Though Affirmative Action is a current controversial issue, it is far from new; its decree has been long in the making. Perhaps it originates from amendments 13-15, the series of amendments that outlawed slavery, guaranteed equal protection under the law, and forbid racial discrimination when voting, respectively (Sykes 1). The Supreme Court’s decision in 1896, in the case of Plessy V. Ferguson, mandated separate but equal treatment for African Americans (Sykes 1). However, in 1954, the Supreme Court’s decision from Brown v. Board of Education replaced that of the Plessy v. Ferguson trial. President Lyndon Johnson was the first to use the term â€Å"Affirmative Action†in the Executive Order 11246 of 1965 (Sykes 1). This order required federal contractors to use affirmative action to make sure people were treated equally, â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin†(Cahn 1). Two years later, Johnson amended it to incl ude women (Cahn 1). By 1971, President Nixon issued a Revised Order No. 4 that required contractors to adopt an â€Å"acceptable affirmative action program†(Cahn 1). Over the past three decades, many debates continue as to whether or not affirmative action still belongs in America. Affirmative action is an issue that evokes strong emotions for both supporters and non-supporters alike. Those against affirmative action argue that affirmative action does not help minorities but rather degrades them. They argue that affirmative action sends minorities the message that they can only succeed if they are given extra benefits; thus, resulting in damaged credibility. Often cited as example of affirmative action victims are that of Clarence Thomas and Colin Powell. Critics of affirmativ... ... http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200304/0414action.html Sherman, Mitchell. â€Å"Equal Employment Opportunity: Legal Issues and Societal Consequences.†Public Personnel Management. Washington: March-April 2008. Print. Stevenson, Daniel C. â€Å"Affirmative Action Remains Imperative.†The Tech. Boston: 7 March 1995. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N9/danspew.09o.html Sykes, Marquita. â€Å"The Origins of Affirmative Action.†2004. Web. 28 March 2015. http://www.now.org/nnt/08-95/affirmhs.html Tomasson, Richard F., Faye J. Crosby, and Sharon D. Herzberger. Affirmative Action: The Pros and Cons of Policy and Practice. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2001. Print. Yetman, Norman R. Race and Ethnicity. 2007. found in: Jackson, Robert Max. Social Foundations of Public Issues. USA. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Print.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
The Portman Hotel Case Study
The Portman Hotel Company was a relatively small hotel with only 348 rooms and 21 floors located in San Francisco’s booming hotel district. It was influenced with Asian philosophy of services, to provide high quality hospitality to its guest at affordable rates. On paper, the hotel sounded like a great success, one that would definitely flourish amongst the competition. However, even with this philosophy, there were numerous problems that plagued the Portman Hotel. A few examples of these problems are the common mistake of fundamental attribution error (FAE), expectancy theory, as well as operant conditional theory.This essay will explain how these three things can potentially bring down an entire company very quickly. First we will look at FAE and how it relates to the Portman Hotel. To find an example of FAE located in The Portman Hotel case, we must first define what FAE exactly is. Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-bas ed explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. It is typically most visible when people explain the behavior to others.Essentially, what FAE suggests, is that we, as human beings, tend to be too judgmental of others without actually seeing that there might be external factors causing that individuals behavior. Now that we have defined exactly what FAE is, we can begin to identify an example of this contained within the case. One great example of this common error in action involves the personal valet’s (PVs) of the company and Spencer Scott. Scott criticizes the PVs for always taking on additional tasks and pursuing new needs and even states that they want to do everything, which causes them to suffer short attention spans.He is so focused on the PVs being a group of freethinkers that he has failed to remember his companies purpose, which is to cater to every desire the hotel guests might have. He has fai led to realize that the guests are to blame for ordering the PVs around getting them to tend to their every need. In this specific case, the guests are the external environmental forces that are causing the behavior. If Scott had realized that his employees were just doing their job, then his opinion of them would be a lot different and would begin to realize that he might need to change something about the companies’ day-to-day processes.Next we will discuss the Expectancy Theory (ET) and how it relates to this case. Again, first we must define what exactly ET is before we can know how it relates to this case. ET proposes that a person will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. Now that we have defined what ET is we can relate it to the case. Due to the social and environmental forces pushing down on certain PVs, they tend to engage in â€Å"shirking†.An example of this act is when a few PVs began to be lazy and not do their fair share of the work, other PVs had to begin picking up the slack of their colleagues. After a while of doing this, they began to wonder why they were working twice as hard and getting paid the exact same. The PVs that were picking up the slack for the others then became less motivated to perform which lead to all of the valets lost their sense of responsibility. So to go back to the original definition, the PVs that were originally working harder than the others began to work less hard because they knew that they weren’t going to be fired.Lastly, we will look at the Operant Conditional Theory to see why supervisors would choose to avoid using the Portman’s disciplinary procedures. Operant conditional theory is defined as, getting people to do things because they want to by applying positive and negative reinforcements to move them in a particular way. The supe rvisors of the Portman Hotel were adamant about avoiding formal disciplinary actions towards their employees. The supervisors believed that discipline was actually going against what the hotel’s philosophy was.Therefore, instead they used positive reinforcement under the operant conditioning theory as a means to motivate the poor performers. Spencer Scott tried to persuade the poor performers to believe that good performance had many rewards, such as good tips. He felt that with showing the valets the benefits of working hard for the guests, that those same guests would in return graciously reward them. Now that we have analyzed and pointed out the flaws of the Portman Hotel, we can begin to describe some simple solutions to these problems.First, with the FAE, the problem is with management. If Spencer Scott attempted to figure out why his PVs were running around everywhere he might figure out the source of the problem, instead of jumping to conclusions as he did. He might ex plore other options such as; hiring additional PVs so that the current ones aren’t always so busy, or attempt to figure out a different strategy in assisting the guests with their high demands. Secondly, we must analyze the problem with the PVs and their constant habit of â€Å"shirking†and how we could fix it. Shirking†is a bad habit that happens in a lot of work places no matter what industry a person is in. The difficulty is finding a way to overcome these types of action and being effective at it. One way to overcome this dilemma is to begin to figure out which few are the individuals initially starting it and begin to discipline them accordingly. If discipline is not the answer, the managers could sit the entire PV staff down at once and explain that they are beginning to notice a downward trend in performance and that there will be a new set standard for what the expectations are.With this new standard, if anyone fails to meet the standards of work, then they will be disciplined and eventually let go if it continues. Finally, we have the obstacle of the supervisors choosing to avoid using the Portman’s elaborate disciplinary procedures. Unfortunately, implementing a formal system of disciplinary actions would be violating the ideals that Portman wanted to establish. The solution for this would be for the management team to be stricter on their expectations of the employees.I feel that the good employees are not being praised enough for their actions while the bad employees continually get worse. It is a common behavioral understanding that people want to reach and operate at the â€Å"normal†level of standards and not do anything more or less. In order for them to strive to be better employees, there must be a rewards system in place. Performance reviews should be put in place to analyze, which employees are the good employees and which are the bad employees.Once management establishes this, they will begin to underst and where the problems are and how to correct them/discipline them by giving them written warnings. All in all, there are numerous obstacles that each and every company has to overcome throughout the company’s lifetime. Some are easily remedied while others take much more time and thought to correct. Using the theories; FAE, ET, and Operant Conditioning, almost any company can begin to understand where the real problems consist, which will allow that company to begin taking action and fixing them.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Enterprise resource planning
Today, success is determined by what you now about your projects and when you know it Your crews in the field may have all the high-tech tools and state-of-the-art equipment they need – but when information determines success, your management team needs to be similarly equipped. Unfortunately, many construction companies struggle with ion integrated, multiple-vendor legacy systems that provide untimely, inaccurate information and make it difficult to adapt to changing business requirements. In the age of information technology companies can take advantages of IT in terms of Hardware and Software. Companies use various standalone systems o maintain the business process and operation by scatter and loosely coupled application.These scattered and legacy applications are not integrated with each other and there is no easy way to integrate them in a better way to easily maintain and get a high level output. To maintain this application required high amount of man power and cost. To integrate branches, department, process and business vertical in a wide area network required an integrated application. ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning is enterprise wide information system which consolidates information from various functions/departments of an organization. Multi state company like HOC it is required to implement an application which can integrate their all business process to improve their operation, procurement, resource management, cost control, timely report, accounting.Previously HOC uses various small applications to manage their business and operation like payroll system, accounting system, procurement system, tender system, attendance system, MIS system. This application is not integrated and all different branches, worksheet offices use their own application and to get output and error free reports in a central location is required very large time. HOC decided to implement ERP system to overcome above problem and reduce operation time to contro l their business in better way and get competitive age over their competitor. HOC studies different ERP vendor and decided to Implement SAP ERR system for their construction business.HOC compare various ERP vendor however select SAP for their excellent track record for most successful ERP implementation and their times tested solution for Engineering, Construction & Operations. HOC decided to implement SAP for Engineering, Construction & Operations (SAP for SEC&O) solution portfolio to help ensure their business success in J&K site. Founded in 1926, HOC is Indian's premier company, specializing in large- scale civil Engineering projects and developing construction technologies. The company is reputed for its technical prowess, evident in the several marquee projects it has executed over the past eight decades. It was the first construction company in the country to receive ISO 9001, ISO 14001 , and SHOOS 1 8001 certifications for its quality, environmental and occupational health an d safety management systems.With a strong order book of INNER 188 ban at FYI end (and INNER 44 ban of Al projects) it is likely to chart a strong growth trajectory going ahead. The company undertakes projects in the power (hydro and nuclear), water supply & irrigation, and transportation (roads, bridges, metro rails etc. ) segments. In addition, the company has recently entered the metals space. Hindustan Construction Co. Ltd. (HOC) is an 80-year-old organization with a track record in executing complex infrastructure projects across various sectors. HOC has undertaken challenging projects across India in widely divergent areas such as power, roads and bridges, dams, buildings, and environmental projects HOC Group of companies HOC Real Estate (HERE) Real estate development arm HOC LtdEngineering and construction arm HOC Infrastructure Asset ownership subsidiary HOC is a leading civil engineering and construction company, engaged primarily in the Construction of Hyde and power projec ts, irrigation, water supply, urban infrastructure and Transportation projects. It is developing Lavas, an ambitious project aimed at creating a hill city near Iambi and Puny. Apart from this, it is also involved in some other real estate development projects. HOC is also making inroads in the asset ownership space with entry into the roads space and has plans to build its BOOT portfolio significantly going ahead. Most of its customers are central government bodies/public sector units like NOAH, NP, UNPIN and State governments like Andorra Pradesh, Gujarat, K and Maharajah's. It has also worked on Hyde power projects in other counties like Bhutan.A snapshot of the work done by the company in various segments is given below: Hyde power: HOC has built over 25% of Indian's installed Hyde power capacity. It has been involved in two out of Indian's five largest underground power houses and five out of Indian's top 10 highest concrete dams. It is currently executing Indian's largest EPIC Hyde power project, the Shanghaiing yodel power plant. Hack's major achievements in this segment are: Building Indian's first major underground power house at Maintain (Briar) in 1954; the first of its kind in South East Asia. Tunneling work of over 90 km in the Himalayas; maximum tunneling work ever done by any construction company in the world.Construction of head race tunnel and surge shaft at the Nathan Karri Hyde plant, the largest underground Hyde power project in India. This plant has the largest and longest head race tunnel, the largest desisting chambers, the deepest and largest surge shaft, and the largest underground power complex. Nuclear power: HOC is the leader in nuclear power plant construction in India and has been associated with over 50% of the country's operational nuclear power capacity. The company has recently worked on Sais's largest nuclear power plant in Katmandu (ex. 000 MM) which is also Indian's first light water reactor (LOWER). Shanghaiing Hyde project in Jam and Kashmir.Hindustan Construction Company Ltd (HOC), Indian's leading construction and infrastructure company in joint venture with Halcyon Group Ltd. U. K. (Halcyon) has been awarded the prestigious and challenging 330 MM Shanghaiing hydro-electric project by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd. (NP). The contract is on turnkey basis and valued at approximately INNER 2726. 49 core. The HOC-Halcyon Consortium will have a share in the ratio of 98:2 respectively. The Shanghaiing Hydroelectric Project is located on river Shanghaiing, a tributary of river Shells, in Brutally district of Jam and Kashmir. The project involves the construction of a mom high concrete faced rock fill dam, 23. Km of head race tunnel and an underground powerhouse. A maximum gross head of 665 m is proposed to be utilized to generate 1350 Million Units of energy, in a 90% dependable year with an installed capacity of ex. 10 MM. This is an EPIC contract where HOC will be responsible for Engi neering, Procurement and Construction of all items including civil and associated infrastructure works; supply, installation, testing and commissioning of all electromechanical plant and machinery and hydro-mechanical components including generating units. The project will be completed and commissioned in an estimated 84 months. HOC has contributed significantly in the infrastructure development of Jam and Kashmir.It has built the state's largest hydro-electric power project – the Salad Dam and is currently also developing five other infrastructure projects. This includes three Hyde power projects biz. Caught HEAP (in Cargill), Amino Baggy HEAP (in Lee) and URI HEAP in addition to the historic 84 km McHugh Road and the Principal Tunnels of the Dumper-Agrarians-Brutally rail link. HOC has also constructed Bhutan largest hydroelectric power project at Tall. Problems facing construction industry is not new but probably thousands of years old probably ever since they started buil ding the pyramids. What are so different now are the tools and techniques that can be utilized to get the best usage of its resources and materials and equipment's.Construction is a employ array of interdependent activities that some would say is at best organized chaos. The very nature of construction introduces challenges typically not encountered in other industries. For example, construction differs widely from other industries more so as ; Each project is unique ; Often involves remote sites with various access problems ; the process is not as predictable ; Difficulty in applying automation ; There is high potential for encountering unforeseen conditions ; Costs can Vary according to conditions ; Difficult to manage and supply utilities and other resources. ; Technical innovations are adopted slower. ; Success is dependent upon the quality of its people. Very custom-oriented ; Product can be of mind-boggling size, cost, and complexity ; the work is not performed in controlled c onditions, therefore highly impacted by weather and other environmental conditions All this poses a unique set of challenges as illustrated below. As seen in the figure it is a Herculean task to co-ordinate and integrates all these challenges into one solution. Let's look into some of the major problems in construction companies who do not have or have partial IT infrastructure. 1. No electronic tracking of tasks. The project manager needs to produce manual daily production report. 2. Budget and controls done using legacy spreadsheets and this is most time consuming task and the employee is overloaded. 3. Each project has its own independent method of encoding. 4. Off-Site locations are not as organized as desired. 5.Material and Equipment usage are hard to track; there is very little writing on site. 6. The project managers do status reports but lack critical information such as a. Inventory information b. Budgetary information 7. Due to disorientation there is little time for foll ow up. 8. There is no process for Payment follow ups. Reminders of important issues like raising invoices. ; status report. Petty cash request and reporting Beneficial weekly Evaluating the performance of the project manager. 9. Ineffective system to incorporate fixed assets into the company books. 10. No clear process to accurately track inventory at multiple sites. 11 . Invoices are not raised frequently enough thus contributing to a cash flow problem.All these issues make the construction projects highly complex and cumbersome to track and control. If we have to successfully manage these complex projects its all the more important the work progress and the sources utilized are measurable. The success of a project will be judged by meeting the criteria of cost, time, safety, resource allocation, and quality as defined during the planning and budgeting of the project. The purpose of the ERP will be to measure the progress continually at every step of the project so as to achieve go als and objectives through the planned usage of resources that meet the project's quality, cost, time, scope, and safety requirements.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Handling Experimental observations and data Essays
Handling Experimental observations and data Essays Handling Experimental observations and data Essay Handling Experimental observations and data Essay To determine the number of moles of water of crystallization in a hydrated salt, a small amount of the hydrated salt is taken, heated gently and then heated strongly to remove the water of crystallization. Procedure: 1. Take a clean and dry beaker and weigh it out accurately in an electronic balance. 2. Weigh out accurately 2.5 g of hydrated copper sulphate crystals in the crucible. : 3. Heat the contents of the crucible gently at first and then strongly. 4. Remove the crucible from the burner when all the water of crystallization is removed from the copper sulphate crystals. 5. Allow the contents of the crucible to cool down. 6. Weigh out the crucible with its contents again until a constant reading is obtained. Table of Results Substance to be Weighed Weight in Grams Beaker alone 50.00g Beaker + copper sulphate before heating 52.50g Beaker + copper sulphate after heating 51.44g Observation: * The beaker was not directly over the fire and the blue copper sulphate crystals at the bottom of the beaker begin to turn white. * In the space of about two minutes the blue colour of the copper sulphate crystals starts fading. * After time clumps of the substance is formed. * The substance is heated strongly and most of the crystals are decolourized to white now. * A minute or so passes and all of the copper sulphate crystals are completely white. Controlled Variables: 2.5g of hydrated copper sulphate Weight of beaker 50g Calculations Weight of hydrated copper sulphate + beaker before heating = 52.50g Weight of copper sulphate + beaker after heating = 51.44g Weight of water evaporated from hydrated copper sulphate = 52.5- 51.44 = 1.06g Weight of hydrated copper sulphate = 2.5g Weight of anhydrous copper sulphate = 2.5 1.06 = 1.44g R.M.M of water = (2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1) + 16 = 18 No. of moles of water evaporated = 1.06 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 18 = 0.0589 = 0.06 moles 1 of mole of hydrated copper sulphate = 1 mole of anhydrous copper sulphate + ? moles of water No. of moles of water incorporated into 1.44g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.06 No. of moles of water incorporated into 1g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.06 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.44 = 0.04g Mass of 1 mole of anhydrous copper sulphate = 63.5 + 32 + (4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 16) =159.5g No. of moles of water incorporated into 159.5g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.04 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 159.5 = 6.38g Anomalous Result: Copper sulphate has five (5) moles of water but after heating I found it to have 6.38g. This was caused by experimental mistakes. Sources of Error I did not heat the substance gently properly. I let the spatula touch the substance. Ways to Improve Experimental Results I could improve my experimental result but fix the way I gentle heat the substance by waving it over the flame to make sure that all the water particles are evaporated out of the anhydrous copper sulphate. Conclusion The water crystallization in 2.5g of copper sulphate was evaporated by firstly being heated gently and then strongly.
Monday, October 21, 2019
MOVIE PROJECT Essay
MOVIE PROJECT Essay MOVIE PROJECT Essay MOVIE PROJECT The movie that I chose was Gran Torino. This movie is about a man named Walt Kowalski. The world is changing fast around him and he doesn't know how to adapt. His once all-white neighborhood is now mostly Southeast Asian and he has a Hmong family living next door. He doesn't get along with his sons and is out of touch with his grandchildren, all of whom seem more interested in getting his house than anything else. His pride and joy; however, is his 1972 Gran Torino. When the Hmong teenager who lives next door, Thao, is challenged by his cousin and other local gang members to steal it, Walt almost shoots him. Gradually, however, he realizes he has more in common with his neighbors than his own family and becomes something of a neighborhood hero when he prevents the gangbangers from forcing Thao into their car. He gradually takes Thao under his wing, teaching him a few things about life and helps getting him a job. Walt's intervention has a price, however, when the gang s hoots up Thao's house and attack his sister Sue. For Walt, it's time to take action, though not in a way you would expect. Walt is a veteran of 2 or 3 tours in Korea and just recently lost his wife. Walt is a very original man his motto is you stay off my lawn and leave my things alone and I will do the same. Walt is what I would call a very straight forward he says what is on his mind and he means it too. When in danger, it’s natural to feel afraid. This fear triggers many split-second changes in the body to prepare to defend against the danger or to avoid it. This â€Å"fight-or-flight†response is a healthy reaction meant to protect a person from harm. But in post-traumatic stress disorder, this reaction is changed or damaged. People who have PTSD may feel stressed or frightened even when they’re no longer in danger. There are many symptoms of PTSD one including re-experiencing symptoms which includes flashbacks and bad dreams. Another symptom is feeling stro ng depression or guilt that you survived and the others didn't. Walt shows survivor guilt, and a hate of all enemies, isolation and even a death wish which are all symptoms of PTSD. He showed survivor guilt when he earned a Silver Star Medal as the survivor of an Infantry attack on an enemy strong point in the Korean War. Thao said that he was ready to kill the gangbangers and Walt tells him that it is terrible to kill so many people let alone getting a medal for it. He shows a hate of all enemies when he hates all "gooks" with an obsessive passion which even extended to Asians which were our allies in Vietnam. He was quick to grab his M-1 Garand Rifle or 45 Pistol for any intrusion into his â€Å"space†or yard. Even in the face of overwhelming violent adversity. He shows isolation when he
Sunday, October 20, 2019
The Worlds Best Self-Publishing Checklist [Free Download]
The Worlds Best Self-Publishing Checklist Download the World's Most Essential Self-Publishing Checklist Becoming an independent author is almost like being in a circus act: between having to take care of the writing, design, distribution, and marketing of a single book, you have to keep a lot of plates spinning (or a lot of balls in the air). If you forget just one part of any of these crucial elements, you run a greater risk of being disappointed by your book launch.For the past three years, Reedsy has worked with authors to create thousands of books - and in that time, we've learned a lot about what it takes to launch a book successfully. The good news is that the steps you need to take are easily replicated, no matter what sort of book you're writing.To help make sure that your book launch goes off without a hitch, we've compiled and condensed everything we know about this topic into a single infographic self-publishing checklist. Enjoy! If you have any questions about planning your book launch, leave them in the comments below.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Age of Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Age of Earth - Essay Example One of these planets, the Earth, used to be a scorching molten rock that cooled into dry land for 70,000 years – the period indicating how old the Earth was at the time Buffon made the study. On the other hand, Irish Archbishop James Ussher of the 17th century believed that the dates in the Bible are significantly reliable in determining how long the Earth has existed since creation. According to him, secular dates are able to project a trustworthy chronological structure of history where through the Bible, with specific reference to the death of King Nebuchadnezzar, he managed to estimate that the Earth was created on the 23rd of October, 4004 BC. For William Thomson, a British scientist widely known as Lord Kelvin, laws of thermodynamics govern the determination of the birth of the living planet. In particular, he necessitated the application of Fourier’s theory to calculate a date when the Earth, initially in its molten state (7000 Â °F), underwent cooling via conduction and radiation. Upon solving the Fourier’s equation, Thomson discovered the possibility that it could have taken the Earth about 24-40 million years to form as the extreme level of temperature evened out in the process. By the time John Joly proposed the revolutionary sodium method of approximating the Earth’s life during the late 19th century, he conducted a mathematical analysis of the rate at which salt is delivered to the ocean waters. This involved finding the concentrations of salt (by mass) in all oceans from which Joly conveyed the notion that the sum of these concentrations (in grams) divided by the average rate of salt flow (in grams / year) into the ocean equals the total age of the oceans combined which then serves as the basis for the age of the Earth. The technique with sodium enabled Joly to conclude that the Earth is approximately 90 – 100 million years old. A more modern approach in the field of chemistry was employed by the
Friday, October 18, 2019
Game Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Game Theory - Article Example Computers soon became a rage in the 1970s and began finding their way into homes. With it arose the need for games and soon people began designing their own games for home computer use. Online games were fast gaining popularity with role-playing games such Dungeons & Dragons becoming a hit. This was a game where players got the chance to assume the role of a character and carry out missions. However, online games still were an expensive option since the use of Internet was charged by the minute. During this period, games were usually played by typing commands on the keyboard. But in the 1980s, graphics began taking precedence and games with basic textual commands and graphics, such as â€Å"Pool of Radiance†and â€Å"Bard’s Tale†were designed. In 1983, the video game industry came crashing down due to poor quality games and popular games like E.T and Pacman failing miserably. This boosted the popularity of computers and soon enough low-cost computers began replacing video games. There were also many high-quality graphical interfaces, which could be utilised with the help of the computer mouse. With the popularity of Commodore Amiga computers in 1985, sales saw an upward trend and attempts were made to work on improving its features. Other technological innovations that came about were sound cards, which added to the audio-visual experience of a computer game. In the 90s, came trend-setting games like â€Å"Wolfenstein 3D†which popularised the first person shooter game genre as so did â€Å"Doom†which set the trend for 3D graphics in games.... During this period, games were usually played by typing commands on the keyboard. But in the 1980s, graphics began taking precedence and games with basic textual commands and graphics, such as "Pool of radiance" and "Bard's Tale" were designed. In 1983, the video game industry came crashing down due to poor quality games and popular games like E.T and Pacman failing miserably. This boosted the popularity of computers and soon enough low cost computers began replacing video games. There were also many high quality graphical interfaces, which could be utilised with the help of the computer mouse. With popularity of Commodore Amiga computers in 1985, sales saw an upward trend and attempts were made to work on improving its features. Other technological innovations that came about were sound cards, which added to the audio-visual experience of a computer game. In the 90s, came trend setting games like "Wolfenstein 3D" which popularised the first person shooter game genre as so did "Doom" which set the trend for 3D graphics in games. The 90s can be termed as the boom time for computer games since the Real Time Strategy (RTS) genre games made an entry with Dune II. The genre was further popularised by Warcraft: Orc and Humans in 1994 and games like Warcraft II: Tides of Darkness in 1995 gave rise to multiplayer capabilities in the RTS genre. With broadband connections becoming cheaper in the 1990s, online gaming became very popular. A player usually used a modem or LAN to play RTS games, where the player gets a top down perspective of the battle zone complete with 3 D animation. The player can manipulate the game through clicking and dragging the mouse without waiting for his chance unlike a turn-based game. With Internet becoming more accessible than
Claude Monet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Claude Monet - Essay Example I find three main ideas behind this painting. And at the same time I find a unifying element behind those ideas. The three ideas are Life, Harmony and Infinite. The unifying element is Light. First, let's take a look at the three main ideas. Life is represented by the presence of the green color of Nature in most of the surface of the canvas. Indeed, green is almost everywhere. The freehand drawing of Monet gives life to this painting in its thick texture. Green is the main color in different shades. This picture is full of life. There is no way to escape life when we look at this canvas. Life is energy, movement, invigorating power. We find life in the powerful presence of the green color. Nature is synonym of Life. Life becomes Nature, and Nature gives new meanings to this canvas full of vibrating energy. The fresh greens of the foliage take our mind to a journey of summer at its very beginning. But this is a glorious summer. Nature is thus joyous bursting out its greens in great abundance. Green is exuberant in this painting, and it undeniably gives the idea of Life. Harmony gives coherence to the entire picture before our eyes. The shades of green, violet and yellow are intertwined in a harmonious spectrum of light. The arc of the Japanese bridge seems to be floating on top of the trees in a harmonious way. We only see the arc of the bridge, but it seems to be in the right place among the surrounding trees. The waterfalls and the banks of the pond full of lilies give the idea of unity among them. There is also harmony in the musical sense as the whole picture seems to be a real symphony of colors, lines, texture and shapes. It is a symphony in green, but it is also a symphony in which the presence of Nature itself is singing a song of joy, a song of glorious exuberance. We feel a sense of Infinite when we quietly take a look at this painting by Claude Monet. Even though he was losing his sight, it seems that he painted by memory. His quick, sudden strokes invade the entire painting, and the final product is a picture where we feel the immensity of space in a limited surface. It feels to be immense from the spatial point of view. From the symbolic point of view, we can decode the meaning of the arc of the bridge. A bridge represents a transition. A transition from one form of life to another. So we can see that the transition is from this limited life to an infinite life. The symbol of the bridge is related to time, not space. But looking straight at the painting the spectator feels like he is looking at the Infinite. This is due to the mastery of Monet's brushstroke regarding the representation of space in the painting. The common thread in these three ideas is Light. Monet treats light in a distinct way. Rather than painting the objects the way he sees them, Monet paints the light that those objects actually reflect. This is an impressionist position that Monet takes advantage of in this canvas. Life, Harmony and Infinite are represented by Monet with his personal touch. The thick texture and the sudden stroke are accomplished through a scrawling drawing. The final product seems to be a little blurred, and this effect is also due to the fact that Monet doesn't paint the shadows of the objects. So there is light all over the canvas. It is a luminous approach to the objects on the
Call to Action & Technology and Globalization Essay
Call to Action & Technology and Globalization - Essay Example The two pieces of information denote that Americans are not actively engaged in physical exercises, and this has to stop. The most common type of exercise that people should be encouraged to adopt is walking (Surgeons Office, 2010). This is because it is the easiest and most effective way on controlling the spread of obesity. There is a need of ensuring that citizens of the state are engaged in taking high quality and healthy food, that does not consist of too much fat. In persuading the audience to take action, the report has divided the information contained in it, into two major parts, the background of obesity, and opportunities of preventing obesity (Grady, 2010). Under background, the report gives comprehensive information on the trends, disparities, and consequences of obesity (Surgeons Office, 2010). It is therefore possible to denote that obesity is on an increase, and its health consequences are big. Based on this fact, there is a need of initiating a policy aimed at preventing its growth. The newspaper article also uses statistics to pass out the message that obesity is on the rise, and there is a need of action. For example, the newspaper article denotes that 30% of Americans are Obese, and this is an increase of 2.4 million people, since 2007 (Grady, 2010). This is an alarming figure that ma kes policy formulators worried, hence the need of enacting policies that can prevent an increase of obesity. Technology has played a great role in promoting the responsibilities of a global citizen. One of the main responsibilities of a global citizen is the promotion of the concept of human rights, and dignity. Due to advances in information technology, it is now possible for people to share information concerning the various injustices that occur in the world (Buss,Redburn and Guo, 2006). Social networking sites such as face book, twitter, instagram can be used to instantly send a
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Nursing Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Nursing Research - Assignment Example e surgical procedures and the result showed that pain levels of patients managed with evidence-based practice were lower as compared to the controlled sample. Pain ratings of patients in the intervention wards were assessed at rest since surgery, on movement since surgery and worst pain on movement and it showed that they were significantly reduced compared with those in the control wards (Bolfman 2014). That is, post-operative pain management using evidence based practice help reduces pain levels of post procedure patients therefore facilitating faster healing. End of life care has been noted to be one of the key areas to improve quality of patient care. It is a phase of life when an individual is living with an illness, which will eventually worsen and cause death. A study was done on palliative care improvement of symptoms with evidence-based interventions and it showed that patients who were managed with evidence-based practice had reduced hospital stays, reduced hospital admissions and incurred lower costs (Whitehead, 2011). Palliative care for these patients was managed according to their symptoms and preferences. Therefore, use evidence based practice in the care of patients on end-of-life care will significantly reduce or prevent their
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
The Effect of Ethnicity on Our Perception of the World around Us Essay
The Effect of Ethnicity on Our Perception of the World around Us - Essay Example It is therefore fair to say that physical matters aside, none of us are unique in our traits or qualities either. We are the result of the biases and perception of each one of those persons, collected into one big trend, and transmitted into us, which we will in turn transmit to another human. These biases and perceptions in turn affect the biases and perceptions of other such collective individuals, which we come to know as races. As a result, we find it an endless cycle, where our race affects our identity, and our perception of the world around us, and therefore the actions we take in that world. This in turn cements our identity and develops those traits that are the characteristic of our race, and in turn restarting the cycle. The effect of race or ethnicity on our identity and thereby perception of the world around is a theme explored in many of the stories and poems in Sherman Alexie's book, War Dances. As a Native-American himself, he drew out on many of his own experiences o f that fact and incorporated them into providing a personal insight into the unique stories and poems. There are many examples of this in the very first story, Breaking and Entering, where the protagonist of the story finds himself in a fix for killing a young African-American who attempted to break into his house. The effect of ethnicity upon perception is overwhelmingly prevalent throughout the story. For example, when the young man breaks into his house, the protagonist immediately assumes danger. As it is written, 'I didn't think, there's a black teenager stealing from me. I only remembered being afraid and wanting my fear to go away (Alexie, 2009, page10).' Did it make sense to be afraid of a 17 year old boy, who was stealing DVDs from the television rack? The protagonist himself states that he could not have been sure he had been breaking in with the intent to harm. He states that he had no reason to get violent and protective. Not only was his family out of town and therefore there being no one to protect, but also because the young man seemed to pose no certain threat. He had no weapons, he was not being violent. In fact, he entered the house only after making certain, in his view, that there was nobody home. Why then, would it make sense to harm him? Because as the author said, he was afraid. Perhaps if he had been in a white neighborhood and a black teenager had broken in he would have had the sense to talk to the boy. But being white in a prevalently black neighborhood might have played a subconscious role in the man's being afraid, even though it did not consciously cross his mind. Furthermore, when the protagonist ends up killing the boy and investigation is conducted into the crime, he is not charged guilty with anything, as it was a crime of self-defense. This fact, the fact that in their eyes, a white man was acquitted of the murder of a black man, makes it a matter of injustice and inequality in the eyes of the black boy's family. Would a prot est have been conducted if a white man was held innocent in the death of a white boy, under the assumption and likelihood of self-defense? It is unlikely that every death that occurs under the self-defense notion is met with protests, as the law would undoubtedly have been changed if it was. But this murder, because it seemed that a white man, living in a black neighborhood was allowed to walk free, after the death of a 17 year old boy who had no weapons, no criminal record, no intent to
Nursing Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Nursing Research - Assignment Example e surgical procedures and the result showed that pain levels of patients managed with evidence-based practice were lower as compared to the controlled sample. Pain ratings of patients in the intervention wards were assessed at rest since surgery, on movement since surgery and worst pain on movement and it showed that they were significantly reduced compared with those in the control wards (Bolfman 2014). That is, post-operative pain management using evidence based practice help reduces pain levels of post procedure patients therefore facilitating faster healing. End of life care has been noted to be one of the key areas to improve quality of patient care. It is a phase of life when an individual is living with an illness, which will eventually worsen and cause death. A study was done on palliative care improvement of symptoms with evidence-based interventions and it showed that patients who were managed with evidence-based practice had reduced hospital stays, reduced hospital admissions and incurred lower costs (Whitehead, 2011). Palliative care for these patients was managed according to their symptoms and preferences. Therefore, use evidence based practice in the care of patients on end-of-life care will significantly reduce or prevent their
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Glondys Rodriguez Naturalistic Observation Essay Example for Free
Glondys Rodriguez Naturalistic Observation Essay My observation took place in a park where a birthday party was celebrating. I looked at a girl of 6 years old or so. The girl was wearing a pink blouse and white pants. I think she was Hispanic. She was about 40 inch tall and weighed around 30 pounds. I could hear when her mom called her Diana. Physical Development For her age, she had a perfect physical development because I could see how she ran with other girls of the same age. She was jumping the string, and playing hides and seeks, so I could tell that the girl was healthy and had good physical development. Cognitive development (Piaget’s stages) According to Piaget’s stages Diana is in preoperational stage because for example, she played with her friends building a sturdy house of plants’ leaves acting as if it was a princess castle. Also she used branches of the trees as if they were magic wands, so I realized that Diana is in the section of mental representation (Make-believe-play). Another example that I realized was that Diana’s mother offered a juice, and gave her a choice of a bottle or a glass and she chose the bottle allowed more amount than the glass. Emotional and Social Development (Erikson’s stage) According to Erikson’s stages, Diana is in industry versus inferiority because I noticed that she was all the time in cooperation with the other kids. She developed a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks. To support what I say I have an example. She was dancing all the time with the music she liked. She danced with amazing movements. I noticed she had natural skills and ability to dance. The girls competed to see who danced better. That moment was incredible because I enjoyed what was happening, and I realized the competitiveness that exists between girls and boys at this age. To conclude, I can say Diana has a good self-esteem. I don’t think she felt inferiority at any moment. On the other hand, she looked very safe in all the tasks she developed. Does the child meet the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/emotional development? Yes, I think this 6 years old girl meets all the milestones and stages for the physical, cognitive, and social/ emotional development. Is there anything unusual or â€Å"off-development†for this child (deficits as well as giftedness)? There was nothing off-development or unusual for this girl, on the contrary, I think she is very intelligent and talented. My thoughts about observation: I think my observation helped me a lot to understand the normal development in middle childhood and to know we should interact, guide, and support them to achieve the best of their abilities. My opinion about what I observed and the application of the theories of development: In my opinion, Piaget’s cognitive development theories and Erikson’s psychological theories are an excellent guide to help us understand the stages in normal growth and development.
Monday, October 14, 2019
The Minoans And Mycenaeans History Essay
The Minoans And Mycenaeans History Essay During the Bronze Age, the Mycenaeans and Minoans became two of the most powerful and culturally unique groups the world had ever seen. Because they resided so close to each other, they had an undeniable influence on each other and this resulted in the two groups sharing a lot of the same characteristics. Despite having a similar set of characteristics, both civilizations had several noticeable and distinct differences, most notably in the areas of architecture, arts, and languages. These differences can be understood best when examining the fact that Minoans were more trade and nature oriented, while the Mycenaeans focused more on war and strengthening their military. The Minoans and Mycenaean civilizations both resided in present-day Greece, while the Minoans based their civilization on the island of Crete, and the Mycenaeans on mainland Greece. The Minoans, who were known particularly for their extensive trade and dominance of the sea, existed from about 27th century B.C. to 14th century B.C. until the Mycenaeans defeated them and took over (Biers, 1980, 27). On the other hand, the Mycenaeans were more war and military oriented than the Minoans, as seen by their victory over the Minoans and their material culture, which will be looked at later. As far as language is concerned, Mycenaeans appeared to use a language called Linear B, which consisted of 87 different signs and several ideograms, or graphic symbols that represents an idea or concept. There has been a large amount of evidence found in the palaces of the Mycenaean civilization in the form of clay tablets. The Minoans used a system called Linear A, a mostly syllabic script that contains 75 signs and several ideograms; unfortunately, archaeologists still havent completely deciphered all of the symbols (Burkert, 1985, 20). We do know however, that Linear A tablets contained accounting transactions, which supports the idea that Minoans were more trade oriented (Biers, 1980, 26). Both civilizations were very complex and advanced with complex social hierarchies; this complexity is best seen by examining the archaeological remains of each civilizations architecture and different types of art pieces including paintings, sculptures, and pottery. Although the Minoan and Mycenaean styles of architecture were very similar, there were still several structural differences due to their trade and military backgrounds. Mycenaeans were especially talented at working with large blocks of stone (Biers, 1980, 67), a technique called megalithic architecture, which made it possible for Mycenaeans to construct enormous, heavily fortified walls that surrounded their palaces. This was in stark contrast to Minoan palaces as they probably felt that fortifications around palaces may have been superfluous due to their isolation location and strong navy. Minoans also used a post and lintel system, or in other words, verticals and horizontals (Biers, 1980, 29), as opposed to the Mycenaean megalithic structure. A distinct feature of the Mycenaean style of architecture is the relieving triangle above a lintel block, an architectural element best displayed on the Lion Gate at Mycenae (Preziosi and Hitchcock, 1999, 176). Both civilizations had palaces with intricate and detailed floor plans that covered a vast amount of land and had a central area upon which the rest of the palace would be built around. Typically, in Minoan palaces such as Knossos, the central area would be a large courtyard which was the focus of everyday life and served as the site for religious rituals and other ceremonial functions (Biers, 1980, 29). On the other hand, the central area of a Mycenaean palace was called a megaron. Typically, Mycenaean palaces such as Pylos, were highly decorated; this included the walls and the floor and even the hearth, which had spiral and flame patterns painted several times (Biers, 1980, 71). Another aspect of the Mycenaean culture that showed they had a military sense was their utilization of advanced hydraulic engineering. Not only did they have great fortification walls, but they had carefully maintained roads that served as an important network connector to their various major centers (Bier s, 1980, 74). While it is reasonable to conclude that both civilizations had impressive pieces of architectural work, the Mycenaeans tended to have a greater abundance of military architecture in its world. Based on an abundant amount of archaeological evidence, it is apparent that the Minoans were more interested in nature oriented art while Mycenaeans were more interested in warlike paintings. The Minoans loved to paint frescoes with bright, vibrant colors such as terra cotta red and used these colors to depict beautiful scenes of nature (Biers, 1980, 29). Minoan also liked to use a vivid red paint to paint the floor as a blanket of color and not just for frescoes (Hirsch, 1980, 453). There were also many enormous bull-vaulting scenes, present in Minoan palaces. In these paintings, the bulls were typically painted brown and white while the men were painted red and then women were painted white (Biers, 1980, 46). When examining Mycenaean art it is clear that they were strongly influenced by the Minoans because you can see several Minoan themes in their paintings and frescoes. An example of this is the procession fresco and the bull-vaulting scene (Biers, 1980, 80). Despite this obvious correlation, Mycenaean art usually had a lesser emphasis on nature, which was only used as a backdrop for scenes, and a greater emphasis on warlike scenes (Biers, 1980, 82). Both societies also made terra cotta figurines but Minoans features household goddesses with flaring skirts and raised hands (Biers, 1980, 55) while the Mycenaean figurines were larger in scale and were primarily categorized into three types: Phi, women with no arms, Psi, women whose arms made a crescent shape, and Tau (Biers, 1980, 89). While both cultures were masterful in painting sculptures and other forms of art, the Minoans concentrated more on being detailed and nature oriented while the Mycenaeans were more plain and focused more on warlike sculptures. Perhaps the archaeological find with the most abundant amount of evidence that backs up the idea that Minoans were more nature oriented than their counter part, the Mycenaeans, is pottery. Minoan pottery is considered to be far more decorative than that of the Mycenaeans and their pottery attained a very high standard in both fabric and decoration (Biers, 1980, 52). Since pottery was actually also used to determine chronology, Minoan pottery actually provided a foundation for dividing the different Minoan eras. Late Minoan IA style featured spirals with details added in white and floral motifs (Biers, 1980, 54), while Late Minoan IB style, the Marine style, featured several nature-like qualities such as the depictions of sea creatures, particularly octopus (Biers, 1980, 54). Unlike Minoan pottery, Mycenaean pottery was simple and dull in its decoration (Biers, 1980, 85). Mycenaean pottery was designed with a dull black-to-brown glaze while the Late Helladic IIIB pottery featured shap es such as a kylix, and the Late Helladic IIIC period featured simple linear patterns and warrior scenes (Biers, 1980, 85 and 86). The Mycenaeans and Minoans had very different tastes in pottery as the Mycenaeans went for a more simple, plain, and at times, warrior style, while the Minoans went for a more colorful, and nature like style. Like most material culture, the religion and burial practices of the Minoans and Mycenaeans shared many similarities and had many differences. Minoan religion featured several female goddesses, prompting Arthur Evans to claim that their religion was a Mother goddess-centered religion (Olsen, 1998, 382). Additionally, animals and the death and rebirth of vegetationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦serve as the basis of Minoan religion (Biers, 1980, 27). A big difference between Minoan and Mycenaean religious practices was that Mycenaean cult buildings were independent structures which avoided the Minoan practice of building multiple shrines within their settlement (Burkert, 1985, 89). Grave Circle A and Grave Circle B are two of the most significant shaft grave archaeological finds for pottery and metalwork that have ever taken place (Biers, 1980, 75). The typical burial method was internment in chamber tombs and, for the royal family, in tholos tombs (Biers, 1980, 76). It is quite evident that both civ ilizations did have particular burial practices and practiced religion, although in Mycenaean civilization burial practices took on a larger scale. There is no doubt that the similarities between the Minoans and Mycenaeans are extensive, mostly because of their close proximity that allowed the Minoans to influence the Mycenaeans so much. While they were very similar, they also had several fundamental differences, most notably the Minoans being more trade and nature oriented while the Mycenaeans were more warlike. These differences are best understood by analyzing the different archaeological, artistic, and language aspects because they tell a story about the development of two of the greatest ancient civilizations during the Bronze Age.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism Essay -- Inferior Religion Paper
The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism â€Å"In Tantric Buddhism, we are dealing with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to life – i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.†[1] Within Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and more specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and most importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhist nuns have been trying to correct this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading stereotype that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the status of women, both physically and symbolically has decli ned due to the patriarchal system adopted by Tibet. â€Å"The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic love in order to attain universal androcentric power.†[2] In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument; manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power. Many of the influences of Tibetan Buddhism came from India thousands of years ago. There were four phases leading up to the Tantric practice that is known today. 560 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E. marked the first stage, the life of Siddharta Gautama, who Tibetans believe to be the original Buddha. The legend of the Buddha is that he was conceived in ... ...part I, section 2. [10] Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2. [11] Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2. [12] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.47. [13] Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.41. [14] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.128. [15] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.157. [16] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.149. [17] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.48. [18] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.131. [19] Aham, Arya, Encounter With a Bodhisattva, p.3. [20] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.142. [21] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.184. [22] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.135. [23] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.185. [24] Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.2. The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism Essay -- Inferior Religion Paper The Role of Women in Tibetan Buddhism â€Å"In Tantric Buddhism, we are dealing with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to life – i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.†[1] Within Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and more specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and most importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhist nuns have been trying to correct this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading stereotype that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the status of women, both physically and symbolically has decli ned due to the patriarchal system adopted by Tibet. â€Å"The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic love in order to attain universal androcentric power.†[2] In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument; manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power. Many of the influences of Tibetan Buddhism came from India thousands of years ago. There were four phases leading up to the Tantric practice that is known today. 560 B.C.E. to 480 B.C.E. marked the first stage, the life of Siddharta Gautama, who Tibetans believe to be the original Buddha. The legend of the Buddha is that he was conceived in ... ...part I, section 2. [10] Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2. [11] Trimondi, Victor and Victoria, The Shadow of the Dalai Lama, part I, section 2. [12] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.47. [13] Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.41. [14] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.128. [15] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.157. [16] Campbell, June, Traveller in Space, p.149. [17] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.48. [18] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.131. [19] Aham, Arya, Encounter With a Bodhisattva, p.3. [20] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.142. [21] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.184. [22] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.135. [23] Havnevik, Hanna, Tibetan Buddhist Nuns, p.185. [24] Allione, Tsultrim, Women of Wisdom, p.2.
Saturday, October 12, 2019
rights fees in sport :: essays research papers
The steadfast rule when it comes to sports and rights fees is that it’s the business of entertainment. The dollars are going to go where the value is. With Rights fees, networks pay fees to have the rights to a particular broadcast, for example march madness, the NFL or the Olympics. Rights fees are determined by the value a certain property holds, this is determined by the ratings. The most important ratings market world wide is undisputedly the North American, and in particular the US market as we will later discuss with the Olympic media coverage. With in the US it is a battle field to increase ratings because of the dollar value associated with the opportunity to sell advertising and consequently the rights fees. Personally I believe that 1.725 billion is a ridiculous amount for NBC to pay for the rights fees of March Madness. But obviously they are not mad. The economics and financials behind their decisions to continually pay more and more is justifiable. Once again boiling down to the ratings. The 70 hours of March Madness are extremely popular in the US and boast extremely high ratings. Therefore, advertisers are willing to pay the big bucks to get their ads on the air. The same is true about the Superbowl, with 30 second advertising sports reaching astronomical highs networks are lining up to buy the rights fees for the event. As Bill Brown the senior vice president of Fox Sports stated, â€Å" we want entertainment†¦we want to televise the teams that will deliver us the highest ratings†. That truly summarizes the essence of sport media today, and why rights fees are working. â€Å"Fox, paying MLB about $417 million a year in a deal†, which expires next year. With base ball’s popularity on the rise again the rights fees for the league are undoubtadly going to increase. But as the numbers have shown the Fox network is the big spender when it comes to rights fees, dispensing $2.5 billion from 2001 to 2006 on MLB alone. While Fox has a hold on baseball, Time Warner and ABC/ESPN seem to be focusing their dollars on the NBA, both handing over just over $2 billion over a 6 year period . But as aformentioned the rating speak volumes and while the NBA is very popular in the US, from a network point of view March Madness, NCAA basketball is a winner.
Friday, October 11, 2019
Philippines: The jejemon fever Essay
What’s the texting capital of the world? It’s the Philippines. Wherever you set your eyes in the streets, in schools, in malls, you can see various people giving much attention in pressing the keypads of their phones. It’s been a habit for most of us Filipinos that on our leisure time, we spend it through texting. Admit it that even during class discussion some teachers and students usually look at their phones to see if someone had texted them. Texting here in the Philippines before was so single. We just shortened the words by sometimes omitting the vowels until a new style of texting was introduced and used – the jejemon way. Jejemon is a collective term for those persons who use a different kind of spelling and pronunciation on our English and Filipino words especially when texting. They are peculiar with their clothes. The term jejemon actually came from two words: jeje and mon. Compared to us ordinary Filipinos, jejemons have a different language. They also have a unique alphabet called the jejebeth. It is quite different in our English alphabet because it contains both letters and numbers on their alphabet. They don’t mind the grammatical incorrectness of their sentences. It is very hard to read a text message of a jejemon. You would need minutes or even hours to understand what they are trying to say. It’s like it still need to decode these sentences to fully understand them. Like a jejebuster, Filipinos should stop too much exposure of this language to the youth especially now, even Grade 5 or Grade 6 students in elementary are already exposed in mobile phones and are so much fund of texting. Even before the dominion of jejemos, spelling of words is so much affected already by our simple way of texting. Filipino texters already have a different language. Could you imagine what would happen to the proficiency of the youth on the English language if this rising number of jejemons continuously increased? Well, it’s simply a massive decreased on our adaptness in the English language especially when speaking and writing poems say for example. As time goes by some Filipinos who continuously use this language, the probability is for us to be fund of it that they might forget the real spelling of any jejemon word using our own alphabet on the English one. It may also result to less job opportunities because upon using this language even only texting, the way we speak ca be greatly affected. There is a less chance for them to be hired because their interviewer might not understand what they talking about. Our English education is also at sake. Perhaps, because of these jejemons, our education might be destabilized. But in fairness to the government, the Department of Education already implemented some training to English teachers, disseminate quality English books and provide remedial classes to students. Department of Education officials and workers also coordinate with the parents of our students to encourage the youth in using proper English. Thousands of years ago, English was introduced to Filipino ancestors by several teachers brought by the United States by the end of the Spanish era in 1989. It was widely used until such time that it became the medium of instruction in all schools. This trend was passed on from generation to generation which made Filipinos at present proficient in the said language. In the long run, the Filipino’s adeptness in speaking and writing using English as the medium had helped the country attract foreign investors to support its industry thus helping most of the population overcome hunger and poverty. This is one of the reasons why English is retained as the medium for communication next to the national language, Filipino. Perhaps, jejemon might also cause a decrease on the Philippines economy to have a greater economy, we need many investors and perhaps because of jejemons, the investors we are expecting to go in the Philippines would lessen. They might be distracted on the way jejemons dress up, speak and write. They may be offended especially our American investors because it’s like that their language had been disrespected due to the alternations on their alphabet and would be discouraged because of our poor proficiency in English – the universal language. According to the Roman Catholic Church, the birth of jejemons is fine. It will just be gone as time goes by. We can’t do anything about it because it is one way of showing our freedom of expression. However, the birth of jejemons is just like the birth of bacteria. If we won’t kill it at once, it will multiply as fast as it could until it is already countless same when a person has a cancer at stage 1, could you like this to reach stage 5 or would you cure it at once. Since, there are still so many Filipinos especially Filipino texters who are not yet so much influenced by this new style of texting, we could still stop the domination of jejemons. Filipinos should not allow it to reach its final stage wherein almost all, including the old and young speak and write words in a different way from what we are grown up with. Our national language – Filipino – is our identities. Jejemons worsens further our English proficiency today. Because of being popular, it is readily accepted by the youth which is very alarming. It influences a big part of our society where language means a lot. The distraction it creates on the technicalities of proper writing and forms of communication. This should be stopped before the worst thing happens; this is the passing of this form of informal language to the future generation.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Pesonal Response Nicholas Sparks The Notebook Essay
What is this Novel about? The structure of the novel is told on two levels – one is the present day when Allie and Noah have grown old and live in a home; the other is the story Noah reads from the notebook in which he tells how he and Allie met, fell in love, lost each other, and then found each other again. The end of their love story is tragically altered by Allie’s Alzheimer’s diagnosis, but even that has no power over their love. Who introduced you to this novel? A friend called Emily introduced me to this novel; she was reading it in the library lessons we get at school and I remember her saying that it was very different to the movie. She stated a scene that was played near the end of the movie had already been written in the novel by the page number of 30. What appealed to you in this novel? This novel is a typical love story, of teenagers that fall in love over summer and are forced to part. What appealed to me in this novel was that I had seen and read some of Nicholas sparks other movies and books including Dear John, A walk to remember, and his newest book Safe Haven. Is it realistic? In my opinion no I don’t think it is realistic, the notebook and books similar to the notebook are giving teenage girls a different perspective on Love. The romance portrayed in the book represents both everything that’s wrong in relationships and what woman want in relationships. This is a bad example for young adults, 1 because it is getting there hopes up that everyone will find love just like Allie and Noah and 2 because Love isn’t going to be easy. What do you think the message is? The Message behind the notebook is simply true love, no matter what you go through, Allie got diagnosed with a disease called Alzheimer, but despite this Noah read a Notebook every day to Allie hoping for a miracle to happen. A quote I found that pretty much explains everything is ‘behind every great love, is a great story’ Who was your favorite character in this novel? My favorite character in the book is Noah, because he has pure commitment. Because he wrote to Allie after they had spent a summer together. He wrote her 365 letters one every day of the year, even with no reply because Allies mum had kept them from her. Why did the setting interest you? The book was set in early October 1946, and Noah Calhoun lived in North Carolina, in one of the largest homes in New Bern. The setting interests me because how the author describes the town that Noah lives in sounds a lot like the town I live in, very small, everyone knows everyone, people are so generous. This setting is where Noah meet Allies as Allies family were spending there summer in this town because her father worked for R.J. Reynolds. Was the Title a good one? Yes I do think the title was a good one, it perfectly describes the book in 2 words. The story is been read as a notebook and in fact it is a Notebook that Ally started writing when she was first diagnosed with Alzheimer so she would remember her life.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Osmosis Lab Report
Osmosis Rates in Artificial Cells Daniel George Department of Biology Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email protected] gvsu. edu Abstract The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes).The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is â€Å"the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases†(Campbell Biology pg. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process.It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypertonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment.The environment a cell is in will determine its tonicity which is â€Å"the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight †(Campbell Biology pg. 133). â€Å"In a hypertonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die†(Campbell Biology pg. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration.So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, â€Å"water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and lyse (burst)†(Campbell Biology pg. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypertonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell.A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span.The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with 10mL of tap water, the second will be filed with 10mL of 20% sucrose, the third with 10mL of 40% sucrose, the fourth with 10mL of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with 10mL of tap water also.The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water.Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, blotted, and weighed again before returning them back into their resp ective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypertonic solution.These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of the artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same.Because of this , osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of 40% sucrose. The solution is a hypertonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag.As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypertonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic so lutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same.The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). †The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the concentration gradient†(General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pg. 3-1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected.All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an i sotonic solution it will stay the same. There are many reasons why our data could have been misleading, weather it was a small hole in one of the dialysis bags, or a faulty scale, or the inability to plot the bags dry before weighing.To better this experiment I believe you should have a scale for each of the bags so that you can weigh the bags and get them back into their respective beaker of solution as quickly as possible. Also, I believe a more successful way of drying each bag before weighing needs to be introduced but the excess water on the outside of the bags could have defiantly thrown off the data. References Patrick A. Thorpe (ed). (2013). Biology 120 General Biology I Laboratory Experiments an Exercises. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing.Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson (eds). (2011). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. San Fransico, CA: Pearson Education Inc.. Bag| Bag Contents| Beaker Contents| Bag is in a _____solution | Bag will _______ weight. | | 1| tap water| tap water| isotonic| stay the same| | 2| 20% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 3| 40% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 4| 60% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 5| tap water| 40% sucrose| hypertonic| lose| | | | | | | | Table 1 Graph 1 TIME (MIN) TIME (MIN) W E I G H T (g) W E I G H T (g) Osmosis Lab Report Osmosis Rates in Artificial Cells Daniel George Department of Biology Grand Valley State University 1 Campus Drive Allendale, MI 49401 [email protected] gvsu. edu Abstract The lab for this paper was conducted for the topic of osmosis, the movement of water from high to low concentration. Five artificial cells were created, each being filled with different concentrated solutions of sucrose. These artificial cells were placed in hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solutions for a period of 90 min. Over time, the rate of osmosis was measured by calculating the weight of each artificial cell on given intervals (every 10 minutes).The resulting weights were recorded and the data was graphed. We then could draw conclusions on the lab. Introduction Diffusion and Osmosis are two concepts that go hand in hand with each other. Diffusion is simply described as the movement of a substance from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. In another words, the substance will move down its concentration gradient which is â€Å"the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases†(Campbell Biology pg. 132). If you understand the concept of diffusion then osmosis is a very simple process.It can be defined as the diffusion of water across a permeable membrane. Osmosis can be cellular or artificial, so even though we are creating artificial cells in this lab, it is still considered to be osmosis. During osmosis, a solvent is trying to get through a selectively permeable membrane to make the concentration of that solvent the same on both sides of the membrane. The rate of osmosis depends on the type of environment the cell is in. There are three different environments that a cell can find itself in, a hypertonic environment, a hypotonic environment, or an isotonic environment.The environment a cell is in will determine its tonicity which is â€Å"the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose weight †(Campbell Biology pg. 133). â€Å"In a hypertonic solution, the cell will lose water, shrivel up, and most likely die†(Campbell Biology pg. 133). The reason this happens is because there is a higher concentration of water in the cell then there is in the environment the cell is in. Like I said before, water travels down its concentration gradient from high concentration to low concentration.So the water inside the cell will cross the membrane and enter into the solution outside the cell and it will continue to do this until the concentration inside the cell membrane and outside the cell membrane are equal. The opposite of this would be if the cell was in a solution that is hypotonic to the cell. In a hypotonic solution, â€Å"water would enter the cell faster than it leaves and the cell will swell up and lyse (burst)†(Campbell Biology pg. 134). This will also cause the cell to die. Both a hypertonic and hypotonic solution are very harmful to cell and in most cases will cause the death of the cell.A solution that a cell wants to be in is an isotonic solution. If the concentration of water in the cell and in the surrounding environment is equal, there will be no net movement of water across the membrane and therefore the cell will not shrivel up or swell up. ). An experiment has been conducted to find out whether or not osmosis is occurring by using artificial cells made of dialysis tubing. To test this hypothesis the experiment will show the change in weight of each artificial cell across a 90 minute time span.The experiment will also show which type of environment (as previously stated) each cell is placed in and taken out of to be weighed. Materials and Methods This experiment will look at the effects of various sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis in artificial cells made up of dialysis tubing. To begin the experiment one strip of dialysis tubing will be filled with 10mL of tap water, the second will be filed with 10mL of 20% sucrose, the third with 10mL of 40% sucrose, the fourth with 10mL of 60% sucrose, and the fifth bag will be filled with 10mL of tap water also.The dialysis tubing will be clamped at one end in order to fill it and then clamped at the other end to seal the filled bag. If the bag is not soft and floppy, the experiment will not work. Blot a bag with a paper towel to absorb the moisture and weigh it, if this blotting process is not done it could interfere with the weight readings creating inaccurate information. After the bags of the solutions are prepared, they will be placed into five different beakers with different solutions. Beakers 1-4 will be filled with tap water and the fifth beaker is filled with 40% sucrose and water.Fill each beaker with just enough water or solution so that the bag is covered and place the bags in the beakers simultaneously and record each time. Every 10 min the bags are to be taken out, blotted, and weighed again before returning them back into their resp ective beaker for another 10 min. The process is repeated until you have reached 90 min. The weights should be recorded in grams (g). Results Table 1 shows the contents of the bags and the content of the concentration it was submersed in. Bags 2-4 each contain a solution of both sucrose and water. These bags were each put into beakers containing hypertonic solution.These bags gained weight over time because the water moved from its high concentration inside the beaker to the low concentration inside the membrane of the artificial cell, the membrane being the bags that consisted of dialysis tubing. The water will continue to move through the pores of the dialysis tubing into the concentration of water is the same in the beaker as well as inside the artificial cell. Bag 1, consisting of water, was also put into a breaker containing water. The weight of this bag remains the same because it was placed in an isotonic solution, where the concentration of water was the same.Because of this , osmosis does not occur. The last bag (bag 5) contained only water whereas the beaker it was immersed in was a solution of 40% sucrose. The solution is a hypertonic solution because the concentration of water was higher inside the artificial cell then outside the cell membrane, inside the beaker. Because of this, the weight of bag 5 decreased as time went on because water was constantly leaving the bag through the pores of the dialysis tubing in an attempt to make the concentration of water equal inside and outside of the bag.As you can see from the results plotted in Graph 1, the bags that were put into a hypotonic solution gained weight over time, whereas the bag that was put into a hypertonic solution lost weight over time. Conclusion/ Discussion As you look over the results of this experiment it is clear that indeed osmosis does occur in an artificial cell with a permeable membrane made of dialysis tubing. As the data shows, the artificial cells that were placed in hypotonic so lutions had a gain in weight, the artificial cell that was placed in a hypertonic solution lost weight, and the cell placed in an isotonic solution stayed the same.The amount of weight gained or lost depends on how concentrated the solutions are, and this did not show in our results (Graph 1). †The rate of diffusion or osmosis is dependent on such factors as temperature, partial size, and the concentration gradient†(General Biology I Laboratory experiments and exercises pg. 3-1). The cell containing 60% sucrose should have ended up being heavier than the cells containing 20% and 40% sucrose, but an error must have occurred during our lab that changed the data that was collected.All in all, the results still prove our hypothesis that osmosis does occur in artificial cells. This means that when an artificial cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, it will gain weight. If an artificial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will lose weight, and if it is placed in an i sotonic solution it will stay the same. There are many reasons why our data could have been misleading, weather it was a small hole in one of the dialysis bags, or a faulty scale, or the inability to plot the bags dry before weighing.To better this experiment I believe you should have a scale for each of the bags so that you can weigh the bags and get them back into their respective beaker of solution as quickly as possible. Also, I believe a more successful way of drying each bag before weighing needs to be introduced but the excess water on the outside of the bags could have defiantly thrown off the data. References Patrick A. Thorpe (ed). (2013). Biology 120 General Biology I Laboratory Experiments an Exercises. Plymouth, MI: Hayden-McNeil Publishing.Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, Jackson (eds). (2011). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. San Fransico, CA: Pearson Education Inc.. Bag| Bag Contents| Beaker Contents| Bag is in a _____solution | Bag will _______ weight. | | 1| tap water| tap water| isotonic| stay the same| | 2| 20% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 3| 40% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 4| 60% sucrose| tap water| hypotonic| gain| | 5| tap water| 40% sucrose| hypertonic| lose| | | | | | | | Table 1 Graph 1 TIME (MIN) TIME (MIN) W E I G H T (g) W E I G H T (g)
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